Institute of Industry and Academic Research Incorporated
Register in
MEIR COVER Page
Management, Education & Innovation Review

ISSN 3027-9682 (Print) 3027-9690 (Online)

Google Scholar Logo

Entrepreneurial engagement of business graduates in Region XI with entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial education as determinants: A convergent mixed methods study

Jesson Rey F. Sabado & Presentacion C. Acosta

The engagement of entrepreneurs in entrepreneurial operations is often hampered by its inability to obtain the required resources and the suitable knowledge and skills. The primary aim of this mixed methods study was to investigate the influence of entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial education on entrepreneurial engagement of business graduates in Region XI. The study employed a convergent mixed methods design, where 300 purposively chosen respondents participated in the quantitative strand and 17 in the qualitative part. Empirical data revealed that the overall entrepreneurial engagement and entrepreneurial education of business graduates were high, whereas the entrepreneurial motivation was very high.  Moreover, the findings indicated that entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial education had significant combined influence on entrepreneurial engagement with the former having a greater influence on entrepreneurial engagement.  On the qualitative strand, the following a priori themes were generated: behavioral control, subjective norm, attitude towards self-employment, non-cognitive entrepreneurial skills, cognitive entrepreneurial skill, action-based teaching methods, and school engagement. As to the quantitative and qualitative data corroboration, the nature of integration is merging-confirmation.

entrepreneurial self-development, behavioral cognitive, entrepreneurial skills, convergent mixed methods

This paper is presented in the 1st International Conference on Management, Education & Innovation 2024 held on January 20, 2024.

Ajayi, O. O., & Fatoki, O. O. (2012). Entrepreneurial intention of university students in Nigeria: The role of perceived behavioural control and self-efficacy. African Journal of Business Management, 6(8), 3247-3254.

Ahlstrom, D., & Bruton, G. D. (2010). Rapid institutional shifts and the co-evolution of entrepreneurial firms in transition economies. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(3), 531-554.

Acs, Z. J., Autio, E., & Szerb, L. (2018). National systems of entrepreneurship: Measurement         issues and policy implications. Research Policy, 47(4), 744-757.

Aldrich, H. E., & Reynolds, P. D. (2012). Entrepreneurship and regional development: An introduction. In H. E. Aldrich & P. D. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of regional and urban economics, 5, 1-25.

Åstebro, T., & Karlsen, H. R. (2012). Entrepreneurial intentions and engagement:    The role of gender and risk preferences. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 13(3), 165-184.

Asian Development Bank. (2017). Entrepreneurship in the Philippines: Opportunities and challenges for inclusive growth. Asian Development Bank. (2020). Philippines: Country Diagnostic. https://www.adb.org/publications/philippinescountry-diagnostic

Ahmad, A., & Seymour, R. G. (2019). Social Support and Entrepreneurial             Engagement: A Moderated Mediation Model of Perceived Behavioral Control and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(4), 689-709.

Autio, E., & Rannikko, H. (2014). Retaining winners: Can policy boost high-growth entrepreneurship? Research Policy, 43(6), 936-947.

Autio, E., Kenney, M., Mustar, P., Siegel, D., & Wright, M. (2014). Entrepreneurial innovation: The importance of context. Research Policy, 43(7), 1097-1108.

Akinwale, Y. A., Adegbite, T. A., & Mordi, C. (2019). Entrepreneurial motivation and intention to start a business: Understanding the role of culture and individual characteristics in Africa. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(6), 1181-1201.

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.

Bae, T. J., Qian, S., Miao, C., & Fiet, J. O. (2019). The relationship between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions: A meta‐analytic review. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(3), 553-571.

Bazan, C., Gaultois, H., Shaikh, A., Gillespie, K., Frederick, S., Amjad, A. I., Yap, S., Finn, C., Rayner, J., & Belal, N. (2020). A systematic literature review of the influence of the university’s environment and support system on the precursors of social entrepreneurial intention of students. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(1).    https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-0116-9

Baker, T., & Aldrich, H. E. (2016). Contextualizing entrepreneurship. In M. H. Morris, R. H. Webb, & J. R. Aldrich (Eds.), The Routledge companion to entrepreneurship (2nd ed., pp. 3–17). Routledge.

Bakker, A. B., Albrecht, S. L., & Leiter, M. P. (2018). Key questions regarding work engagement. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27(1), 4-28.

Baum, J. R., Frese, M., & Baron, R. A. (2014). The psychology of entrepreneurship. Psychology Press.

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.

Barringer, B. R., & Ireland, R. D. (2019). Entrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures (6th ed.). Pearson.

Baumeister, C., Hatak, I., & Fink, M. (2018). Entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intentions: A causal analysis. Journal of Business Venturing, 33(6), 742-761.

Brännback, M., Carsrud, A., & Elfving, J. (2013). The entrepreneurial mindset:          Sources of business start-up processes. In M. Brännback & A. Carsrud        (Eds.), Revisiting the entrepreneurial mind (pp. 35-57). Springer.

Bueno, E. (2016). Evaluating the effectiveness of an entrepreneurship program for Hispanic entrepreneurs in Texas. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 15(2), 173-187.

Bueno, A. C. (2016). Communication skills in nursing. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 6(2), 1-8.

Brännback, M., & Carsrud, A. (2016). Entrepreneurial mindset and skills – the role of entrepreneurship education. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(2), 7-19.

Brush, C. G., Greene, P. G., & Hart, M. M. (2018). Action-based entrepreneurship education: A promising approach to increasing entrepreneurial engagement. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 17(1), 52-69.

Borromeo, G. A., & Cortez, D. D. (2019). Barriers to entrepreneurship in Davao Region, Philippines: Perspectives of microentrepreneurs. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 13(2), 142-155. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJIE-02-2019 0011

Bosma, N., de Haas, M., & Schumpeter, A. (2018). The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2017/18 Global Report. Springer International Publishing.

Bolin, F., & Lindgren, M. (2020). Bridging entrepreneurship education and the entrepreneurial ecosystem: The role of engaged scholarship. Industry and Higher Education, 34(6), 515-526.

Carree, M. A., & Verheul, I. (2012). What makes entrepreneurs happy? Determinants of satisfaction among founders. Journal of Happiness       Studies, 13(2), 371-387. doi:10.1007/s10902-011-9265-9

Cardon, M. S., Gregoire, D. A., Stevens, C. E., & Patel, P. C. (2017). Measuring entrepreneurial passion: Conceptual foundations and scale validation. Journal of Business Venturing, 32(5), 589-610.

Cialdini, R. B., Reno, R. R., & Kallgren, C. A. (1990). A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1015-1026.

Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Kline, P., & Saez, E. (2014). Access to capital, investment, and the growth of firms. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129(3), 1061-1110.

Chen, X., Sun, P., & Wu, S. (2018). The mediating role of perceived desirability      and feasibility in the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intentions: Evidence from             China. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 8(1), 1-10.

Chen, C. C., & Thompson, S. (2018). Behavioral Control and Entrepreneurial Engagement: A Cross-Country Analysis. International Entrepreneurship          and Management Journal, 14(4), 929-950.

Chen, M. H., & Huang, T. L. (2019). Relationships between entrepreneurial self-efficacy, perceived teacher support, and career intentions among high school students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2372.

Chen, C. C., Greene, P. G., & Crick, A. (2018). Does entrepreneurial engagement     increase subjective well-being? Journal of Business Venturing, 33(3), 326-            344.

Chen, C. Y., Li, M. H., & Hung, S. W. (2012). Gender differences in the relationship between entrepreneurial intention and attitudes toward self-employment. Journal of Small Business Management, 50(3), 306-324.

Cheung, C. K., Wu, W. W., & Wu, Y. (2019). Perceived teacher support and entrepreneurial engagement: A study of entrepreneurship education programs. Journal of Business Research, 103, 398-407.

Creswell, J. W. (2015). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative,             quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2017). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Sage Publications.

Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.

Cunningham, J. A., & Lischeron, J. (2015). Defining entrepreneurship: A review of the empirical literature. Small Business Economics, 45(1), 1-29.

Davidsson, P., & Honig, B. (2013). The role of small and medium-sized enterprises in poverty reduction and social development. World Development, 31(11), 1971-1987.

De Clercq, D., & Voronov, A. (2018). The role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy in the venture creation process: A dynamic perspective. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 9(1), 15-28.

Dheer, R. J. S., & Lenartowicz, T. (2018). Entrepreneurial intentions of university students in India: The role of family business exposure. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 10(3), 366-385. doi: 10.1108/JEEE-03-2017-0011

Driessen, M. P., Zwan, P. V. D., & Hessels, J. (2019). Skills and Entrepreneurship: Personal Characteristics and Firm Performance. Small Business Economics, 52(1),      207-226. doi: 10.1007/s11187-017-9921-7

Drnovsek, M., & Kolar, I. (2015). The importance of entrepreneurial skills for entrepreneurial and corporate entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management,             53(4), 1147-1167.

Dorrenbacher, U., & Hubner, U. (2018). Understanding entrepreneurial             engagement: The role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and perceived opportunities. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 9(1), 1-14.

Fayolle, A., & Gailly, B. (2015). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial attitudes and intention: Hysteresis and persistence. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(1), 75-93.

Fayolle, A., Liñán, F., & Moriano, J. A. (2014). Beyond entrepreneurial intentions: values and motivations in entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10(4), 679-689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365014-0322-3

Fayolle, A., Gailly, B., & Lassas-Clerc, N. (2014). Assessing the impact of entrepreneurship education programs: A new methodology. Journal of European Industrial Training, 38(4), 324-335. DOI: 10.1108/JEIT-09-2013-0090.

Fayolle, A., Basso, O., & Gailly, B. (2016). Shedding new light on the relationship between the profiles of trainers and cognitive skills development: An empirical study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 113, 326336.

Fairlie, R. W., & Robb, A. M. (2018). Gender and bank lending to small businesses: Do women entrepreneurs face discrimination? Contemporary Economic Policy, 36(2), 294-307.

Fetters, M. D. (2013). The mixed methods research trilogy. Journal of mixed methods research, 7(3), 203-207.

Ferrer, R. L. M., & Nuestro, P. C. (2020). The innovation dilemma: The case of             small and medium enterprises in Davao Region, Philippines. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-020-00119-7

Fetters, M. L. & Shakaia, K. (2016). Qualitative inquiry: Approaches to learning           and research. Sage Publications.

Foliard, M., Muller, A., & Barraud-Didier, V. (2020). Can entrepreneurship be taught? Experimental evidence on entrepreneurship education and          cognitive skills. Small Business Economics, 54(2), 369-388.

Foliard, S., Mokhtarian, P., & Nault, B. R. (2020). Experiential learning, mentoring, and networking in entrepreneurship education: A review and critical appraisal. Journal of Small Business Management, 58(4), 678-699.

Frese and Gielnik (2014). The Psychology of Entrepreneurship. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. 1:413-438 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091326

Gelderen, M., Brand, M., van Praag, M., Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E., & van Gils,  A. (2018). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions by means of the theory of planned behaviour. Career Development International, 23(6), 545-566.

Ghazali, E., & Weir, D. (2016). Entrepreneurial intentions among Malaysian university students: empirical evidence on the role of entrepreneurial            education. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 19(2), 87-101.

Ghina, A., Asri, S. S., Fithri, R. A., & Ramadhan, A. (2021). The Impact of University Support System on Entrepreneurial Intention Among University       Students in Indonesia. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 24(2), 1-12.

Gibson, D. E., McDougall, P. P., & Sequeira, J. M. (2016). The bright and dark sides of embeddedness for new firm survival. Journal of Business Venturing, 31(6), 643-662.

Gibb A. (2015). Entrepreneurship as a lever for change. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2(5); 13-26.

Gielnik, M. M., Zacher, H., & Frese, M. (2019). Focus on opportunities as a mediator of the relationship between business owners’ age and venture growth. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(1), 1-18.

Gielnik, M. M., Frese, M., Graf, J., & Kampschulte, A. (2012). Creativity in entrepreneurship: The relationship between creative thinking, entrepreneurial motivation, and entrepreneurial engagement. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(2), 223-243.

Griethuijsen, R. A., van der Klink, M. R., & Jochems, W. M. (2014). The effects of a research-based learning intervention on student perceptions of educational context, attitudes towards statistics, and course performance. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 38(2), 256-274.

Guerrero, M., Rialp, J., & Urbano, D. (2020). University entrepreneurial ecosystems: A systematic literature review. Small Business Economics, 55(3), 685-717.

Guerrero, M., Urbano, D., Fayolle, A., Klofsten, M., & Mian, S. (2014). Entrepreneurial activity and regional competitiveness: evidence from European entrepreneurial universities. Journal of Technology Transfer, 39(3), 310-330.

Gupta, S., & Kaur, P. (2019). Entrepreneurial education and cognitive skills: A comparative study of business and non-business students. Education and Training, 61(1), 51-64.

Gupta, V. K., & Turban, D. B. (2019). Behavioral Control and Entrepreneurial Engagement: A Moderated Mediation Model of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(2), 311-326.

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2020). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2019/2020 Global Report. Retrieved from https://www.gemconsortium.org/report/49912

Gruber, M., & Tal, S. (2018). Entrepreneurial Education and Entrepreneurial Engagement: A Review and Research Agenda. Entrepreneurship Theory        and Practice, 42(2), 171-203.             DOI: 10.1177/1042258717736572

Hassan, A., Anwar, I., Saleem, I., Islam, K. M. B., & James, N. D. (2021). Individual entrepreneurial orientation, entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: The     mediating role of entrepreneurial motivations. Industry and Higher Education, 35(4), 403–418. https://doi.org/10.1177/09504222211007051

Hattab, H., & Elfeki, N. (2020). The relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intentions among university students in Tunisia. Education and Training, 62(4), 427-443.

Herrera, F., Urbano, D., & Cepeda-Carrión, G. (2019). School engagement and entrepreneurial intentions among engineering students: The mediating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. International Journal of Engineering           Education, 35(2), 430-            440.

Henson, R. K., & Bueno, J. (2016). Measurement invariance of latent factors across gender in a sample of university students using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Educational   and Psychological Measurement, 76(3), 458-476.

Hoffman, B. G. (2014). Effective communication skills in nursing practice. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 52(2), 13-16.

Huq, F., & Gilbert, B. A. (2018). Entrepreneurship as emancipation. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 9, 81-85.

Hynes, B., Iqbal, M. J., Lahr, H., & Thapa, S. (2020). Building entrepreneurial mindset through experiential education: A case study of an action-based entrepreneurship program. Education and Training, 62(8/9), 946-959.

Jena, L. K., & Dhal, S. K. (2020). Perceived teacher support and entrepreneurial engagement: A study of higher education students. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 12(2), 174-196.

Johnson, R., & Smith, J. (2015). Locus of Control and Entrepreneurial Intentions:       A Gendered Perspective. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 27(3), 231-247.

Jung, H., & Suh, Y. (2019). A study on the effects of entrepreneurial motivation and personality traits on entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 5(4), 73.

Kantis, H., Federico, J., & Angelelli, P. (2015). Entrepreneurship education: A road to success. Small Enterprise Research, 22(2), 179-194.

Kautonen, T., Van Gelderen, M., & Fink, M. (2015). Robustness of the theory of          planned behavior in predicting entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and             Practice, 39(3), 655-674.

Kautonen, T., Kibler, E., & Minniti, M. (2017). Late-career entrepreneurship, income and quality of life. Journal of Business Venturing, 32(3), 318-333.

Kautonen, T., Tornikoski, E. T., & Kibler, E. (2015). Entrepreneurial intentions in the third age: The impact of perceived age norms. Small Business Economics, 45(4), 893-907.

Kickul, J., Gundry, L. K., Barbosa, S. D., & Whitcanack, L. (2019). Assessing the impact of experiential entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions and competencies. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(1), 182-212.

Klapper, L. F., Love, I., & Randall, D. (2019). Improving access to finance for       SMEs: An analysis of the relative merits of credit guarantee schemes and direct lending programs. Journal of Financial Stability, 40, 13-24.

Kshetri, N. (2015). Crowdfunding as a source of capital for entrepreneurial growth. Journal of Business Research, 68(8), 1703-1714.

Krueger, N. F., & Carsrud, A. L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: Applying the   theory of planned behavior. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 5(4), 315-330.

Kuratko, D. F., Morris, M. H., & Schindehutte, M. (2016). Understanding the dynamics of entrepreneurship through framework approaches. Small Business Economics, 47(1), 1-9.

Kolvereid, L., & Isaksen, E. (2016). New business start-up and subsequent entry into self-employment. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 5, 43-49.

Kock, S., & Wadhwani, D. (2016). Entrepreneurial market entry: The effect of market accessibility and market penetration on entry strategy. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 10(4), 673-693. doi: 10.1002/sej.1225

Kobia, M., Kimuyu, P., & Gachunga, H. (2019). Role of social norms in determining female entrepreneurship in Kenya. International Journal of        Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 38(2), 172-191. Theory and Practice, 39(3), 655-674.

Lee, J. Y., Wong, P. K., & Foo, M. D. (2019). Opportunity, necessity, and mixed motivations for entrepreneurship in Singapore. Journal of Business Research, 98,267-280.

Leung, K. (2015). Understanding and evaluating qualitative research. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 108(6), 236-239.

Liñán, F., Urbano, D., & Guerrero, M. (2019). Regional variations in entrepreneurial cognitions: Start-up intentions of university students in Spain. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 15(4), 1325-1347.

Liñán, F., Rodríguez-Cohard, J. C., & Rueda-Cantuche, J. M. (2021). Cognitive entrepreneurial skills, entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: Empirical evidence from Spanish universities. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 27(1), 75-96.

Li, S., & Li, S. (2016). Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy, Behavioral Control, and Entrepreneurial Intentions: The Moderating Effect of Entrepreneurial Motivation. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 23(4), 10531070.

Li, X., & Li, Y. (2016). The Effects of Behavioral Control and Autonomy on Entrepreneurial Intention. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(S1), 27-43.

Liu, Y., & Almor, T. (2018). Entrepreneurial passion and business performance: Evidence from a moderated multiple mediation analysis. Journal of Business Research, 89, 129-138.

Liu, S., You, X., & Liu, W. (2022). The impact of entrepreneurial passion on entrepreneurial behavior: The role of self-efficacy. Journal of Business Research, 139, 401-411.

Lorz, M., Steinhäuser, M., & Wollni, A. (2018). Teacher support and students’ entrepreneurial intentions: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Business Research, 85, 214-223.

Masri, N., Abdullah, A., Asimiran, S., & Zaremohzzabieh, Z. (2021). Relationship between Engagement in Learning Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intention among        Vocational College Students. Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology, 29(S1). https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.29.s1.02

Makhbul, Z., Rahman, N. A. A., Rashid, N. A. A., & Mohd Zainol, F. A. (2021). Entrepreneurial Motivation and Self-Efficacy: A Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies, 7(2), 334-355.

Mawoli, M., & Peter, U. N. (2021). Entrepreneurial motivational factors and operational performance of small-scale industries in Yanya. Journal of Research in Emerging Markets, 3(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.30585/jrems.v3i3.649

Man, T. W. Y., Lau, T., & Chan, K. F. (2017). The roles of entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial self-efficacy in the relationship between entrepreneurship education and venture creation. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13(3),             907-932.

Malebana, M. J. (2014). Entrepreneurial Intentions and Entrepreneurial Motivation of South African Rural University Students. Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies, 6(9),      709–726. https://doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v6i9.531

Martin, B. C., McNally, J. J., & Kay, M. J. (2013). Examining the formation of human capital    in entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis of entrepreneurship education outcomes. Journal of             Business Venturing, 28(2), 211-224.

Miralles, F., Giones, F., & Gozun, B. C. (2017). Does direct experience matter? Examining the consequences of current entrepreneurial behavior on entrepreneurial intention. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13(3), 881–903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-016-0430-7

Naudé, W., & Amorós, J. E. (2019). Entrepreneurship and economic development: Theory, evidence and policy. Small Business Economics, 53(2), 239-254. doi:10.1007/s11187-018-0009-4

Nabi, G., Liñán, F., Fayolle, A., Krueger, N., & Walmsley, A. (2017). The impact of entrepreneurship education in higher education: A systematic review and researchagenda. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 16(2),277-299.

Nabi, G., Liñán, F., Fayolle, A., Krueger, N., & Walmsley, A. (2012). The impact of entrepreneurship education in higher education: A systematic review and research agenda. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 11(3),397-420.

Neck, H. M., Greene, P. G., & Brush, C. G. (2014). Teaching entrepreneurship: A practice-based approach. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Neneh, N. B., & Seetanah, B. (2019). Examining social norms and             entrepreneurial intention among university students. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(3), 540-557. doi:10.1108/IJEBR-03-2018-0139

Neneh, N. B. (2020). The effect of entrepreneurial engagement on the financial performance of micro and small enterprises in South Africa. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 27(7), 1018-1042.

Nikolaev, B., Boudreaux, C. J., & Crane, M. (2020). The joint impact of entrepreneurial engagement and business sustainability on firm performance. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(2), 106049.

Obschonka, M., Stuetzer, M., Audretsch, D. B., Rentfrow, P. J., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2019). Macro-psychological factors predict regional economic resilience during a major economic crisis. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(1), 11-24. doi: 10.1177/1948550617737108

Odongo, R., Ngui, D., & Githukia, E. (2021). Food and Beverage Training and Entrepreneurial Engagement among Diploma Graduates from Tertiary Institutions in Nairobi City County, Kenya. International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS), 8(8), 1-12.

Patalinghug, E. P., & Aperocho, C. L. (2018). Barriers to Entrepreneurship: The Philippine Case. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and    Management, 6(5), 104-111.

Perry, S. J., Chandler, G. N., & Markova, G. (2012). Entrepreneurial effectuation: A review and suggestions for future research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(4), 837-861.

Perry, S. J., Chandler, G. N., & Markova, G. (2012). Entrepreneurial finance: An overview of the issues and evidence. International Small Business Journal, 30(7), 679-697.

Pihie, Z. A. L., & Bagheri, A. (2012). The impact of entrepreneurship education on non-cognitive entrepreneurial skills and intention: A field study of Malaysian         university students. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(21), 219-226.

Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G.T., and Frese, M. (2019). Entrepreneurial Motivation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Empirical Evidence. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(2), 311-330.

Rauch, A., Frese, M., and Utsch, A. (2019). Entrepreneurial motivation and attitudes towards self-employment: A comparative analysis of China and Germany. Journal of Economic Psychology, 74, 101-118.

Rahman, M.M., Adedeji, S.B., Uddin, M.J., and Rahaman, M.S. (2017). Entrepreneurship mindset for students’ entrepreneurship build-up: A review         paper. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Advanced Scientific Research and Innovation, 1(1): 26-34.

Rauch, A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G. T., & Frese, M. (2018). Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: Cumulative empirical evidence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 42(4), 566-591.

Ruskovaara, E., Zellweger, T. M., Holt, D. T., & Koiranen, M. (2017). Entrepreneurs’ cognitive and affective engagement in family firms.             Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(6), 913-941.

Ruskovaara, E., Pihkala, T., & Kultalahti, S. (2016). Enhancing entrepreneurship         education: A conceptual model and a case study. Journal of Small Business Management, 54(1), 242-258.

Rueda-Cantuche, J. M., Morales-Gutiérrez, V., & González-Pernía, J. L. (2020). An analysis of entrepreneurial intention: The role of individual characteristics and social norms. Journal of Small Business Management, 58(1),65-83.doi: 10.1080/00472778.2018.1531102

Sarniak, A. (2017). The role of social networks in entrepreneurial activity: A case study of the Mazovia region in Poland. Journal of Entrepreneurship,        Management and Innovation, 13(2), 33-48.

Saeed, S., Yousafzai, S. Y., Yani-De-Soriano, M., & Muffatto, M. (2015).             Entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: The moderating role of social capital. Journal of Business Research, 68(3), 431-443.

Saeed, S., Yousafzai, S. Y., Yani-De-Soriano, M. M., & Muffatto, M. (2020). The role of perceived teacher support in students’ entrepreneurial engagement: Evidence from Pakistan. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 26(3), 648-670.

Seo, D., Song, M., & Yoon, S. (2020). Behavioral Control and Entrepreneurial Engagement: The Moderating Role of Mastery Goal Orientation. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 32(3), 235-253.

Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In C. A. Kent, D. L. Sexton, & K. H. Vesper (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship (pp. 72-90). Prentice-Hall.

Schaltegger, S., Burritt, R., & Petersen, H. (2018). An introduction to corporate sustainability:         Principles, concepts, and frameworks. Routledge.

Shinnar, R. S., Giacomin, O., & Janssen, F. (2012). Entrepreneurial perceptions and intentions: the role of gender and culture. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(3), 465-  493.

Shirokova, G., Gafforova, E., & Bogatyreva, K. (2019). Entrepreneurial intention of university students: the case of Russia. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(5), 1031-1051.

Sloof, R., van Praag, M., & de Wit, E. (2017). The effect of entrepreneurship on economic growth in Kenya. World Development, 99, 285-292.

Sloof, R., van Praag, M., & Dalen, H. P. (2017). How does entrepreneurship education influence students’ entrepreneurial behavior? Journal of Business Venturing, 32(3), 260-281.

Stam, W., Arzlanian, S., & Elfring, T. (2014). Social capital of entrepreneurs and        small firm performance: A meta-analysis of contextual and methodological moderators. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(1), 152-173.

Stam, E., & Spigel, B. (2016). Entrepreneurial ecosystems and regional policy: A sympathetic critique. European Planning Studies, 24(12), 2279-2294.

Stam, W. C., & Spithoven, A. (2016). The impact of entrepreneurial activity on regional economic growth: A meta-analysis. Regional Studies, 50(2), 293-     310.

Steinhauser, M., Cacciola, A., & Urbano, D. (2014). The effect of entrepreneurial            motivation on performance: Does venture type matter? International Small Business Journal, 32(4), 406-422.

Thorgren, S., & Wincent, J. (2013). Entrepreneurial engagement: The importance      of process and context. Journal of Small Business Management, 51(3), 451465.

Thune, T., & Beckmann, M. (2021). University context and entrepreneurial behavior: Exploring the role of entrepreneurship education, resources and support. Journal of Business Research, 122, 639-649.

Uy, J. M., & Lim, J. S. (2016). The Philippine’s brain drain: Evidence from the overseas Filipino worker (OFW) diaspora. International Journal of        Humanities and Social Science Research, 6(1), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.hssr.2018.61005

Urbano, D., & Guerrero, M. (2013). Entrepreneurial Universities: Socioeconomic           Impacts of Academic Entrepreneurship in a European Region. Economic Development Quarterly, 27(1), 40-55. DOI: 10.1177/0891242412466532

Vargas-Halabí, T., Jiménez-Barrionuevo, M. M., & Liñán, F. (2018). Linking entrepreneurial education and intention: The role of locus of control and the mediating effect of perceived behavioral control. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 14(2), 433-455.

Van der Zwan, P., Thurik, R., & Grilo, I. (2016). The entrepreneurial ladder of opportunity. Small Business Economics, 46(4), 481-500.

Wang, Q., Zhang, T., & Duysters, G. (2017). The impact of subjective norms on entrepreneurial intention: A China–Netherlands comparison. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13(2), 493-515.

Welter, F., & Xheneti, M. (2013). Poverty alleviation through micro-entrepreneurship: Contributions of the microcredit movement.             Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(4),          773-782.

Wiklund, J., Patzelt, H., & Shepherd, D. A. (2013). The future of entrepreneurship research: A return to the individual? Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 161-175.

World Bank Group. (2020). Doing Business 2020: Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/32436

World Bank. (2021). Entrepreneurship ecosystem mapping and analysis in the Philippines. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/entrepeneurship/brief/entreprenurship-ecosystem-mapping-and-analysis-in-the-philippines

Wyrwich, M., Stuetzer, M., & Sternberg, R. (2016). Entrepreneurial role models,            fear of failure, and institutional approval of entrepreneurship: A tale of two regions. Small Business Economics, 47(4), 917-932.

Xu, Y., & Wang, D. (2016). The effect of government subsidies on entrepreneurial activity: A geographic perspective. Small Business Economics, 47(2), 383399.

Zahra, S. A. (2015). International entrepreneurship: The pursuit of opportunities   across national borders. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 9(2), 137-158.

Zellweger, T., & Nason, S. (2012). Measuring entrepreneurial performance: A review of recent        approaches. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 3(1), 1-21.

Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. (2019). The mediating role of entrepreneurial passion in the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and firm performance: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Business Venturing, 34(3), 455-469.

Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. D. (2017). The moderating role of cultural values in the relationship between entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial            intentions: Evidence from China. International Small Business Journal, 35(4), 456-484.

Zampetakis, L. A., Gotsi, M., & Andriopoulos, C. (2017). Creativity and             entrepreneurship: Intertwined drivers of job satisfaction and personal well-being. Journal of Small Business Management, 55(S1), 188-204.

Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. (2019). The mediating role of entrepreneurial education programs in the relationship between social norms and         entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 43(4), 611-637. doi: 10.1177/1042258718789078

Zhang, T., Li, J., & Zhang, W. (2015). Entrepreneurial education, perceived behavioral control, and entrepreneurial intentions: An empirical study of university students in China. International Journal of Entrepreneurial & Innovation Management, 15(3), 84-            98.

Zhou, M., & Li, Y. (2012). Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention: An empirical study of Chinese undergraduates. Journal of Small Business Management, 50(2),             245-267.

Zwan, P., & Hessels, J. (2019). Entrepreneurship as an alternative to employment: Investigating the unemployment–entrepreneurship nexus. Small Business Economics, 53(1), 1-15. doi: 10.1007/s11187-018-0013-0

Jesson Rey F. Sabado. Corresponding author. Doctor of Business and Management at the University of the Immaculate Conception. Faculty member of the University of Mindanao, Main Campus. Email: jessonsabado@umindanao.edu.ph

Presentacion C. Acosta. DBM

Cite this article:

Sabado, JR.F. & Acosta, P.C. (2024). Entrepreneurial engagement of business graduates in Region XI with entrepreneurial motivation and entrepreneurial education as determinants: A convergent mixed methods study. Management, Education & Innovation Review, 1(1), 113-150. https://doi.org/10.53378/meir.124.103

License:

TRP Cover Page
The Research Probe

Proceedings journal for institutional researches.

IARR Cover
Industry & Academic Research Review

Proceedings journal for ICMIAR.

ISRC Cover Page
International Student Research Review

Proceedings journal for ISRC.

Scroll to Top