Exploring the effectiveness of green energy in Lucena City: Basis for developing an educational campaign program
Veronica R. Campano, Erwin Abrencillo & Amelia A. Jarapa
Abstract
The effectiveness of green energy is paramount to addressing global challenges such as climate change. Green energy sources such as solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and biomass offer renewable alternatives to fossil fuels, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating environmental degradation. Lucena City, Philippines faces challenges like many other urban areas due to increased utility costs and pollution. This quantitative research study employed a descriptive research design that explored the effectiveness and current state of green energy adoptions and initiatives in Lucena City as a precursor to developing an educational campaign program. Key metrics include residents' awareness levels, utilization, and perceptions of green energy. Moreover, the study delves into the impact of green energy initiatives on reducing carbon emissions and fostering the economic benefits of residents within the city. To present a clearer picture of the study, solar panels emerge as the most popular and widely used green energy source in households, demonstrating the ability to support high-energy appliances and a viable alternative energy source at homes. However, the study reveals a lack of knowledge about various types of green energy, doubts about its unlimited use, and mixed perceptions regarding its cost and affordability. These findings are a foundation for developing an education campaign program that promotes sustainable practices and increases awareness among the students and the community.
Keywords
renewable energy, solar energy, sustainability awareness, environmental education
Author information & Contribution
Veronica R. Campano. Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in Science, Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc., Philippines.
Erwin Abrencillo. Corresponding author. PhD. Dean of College of Liberal Arts and Education, Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Philippines. Email: amelia.jarapa@cefi.edu.ph
Amelia A. Jarapa. Corresponding author. PhD. Dean of College of Liberal Arts and Education, Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc. Philippines. Email: amelia.jarapa@cefi.edu.ph
"All authors equally contributed to the conception, design, preparation, data gathering, analysis, and writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript."
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Funding
This work is funded by Calayan Educational Foundation, Inc.
Declaration
The authors declare that Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools were used solely as writing support during the preparation of this research. ChatGPT was utilized for language refinement, structural organization, and clarity improvement. All academic judgments, interpretations, and final content decisions were made by the authors, who take full responsibility for the research.
Notes
This paper has been presented at the 3rd International Conference on Management, Education & Innovation (ICMEI) 2026.
Acknowledgement
References
Agdas, D., & Barooah, P. (2023). On the economics of rooftop solar PV adoption. Energy Policy, 178, 113611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113611
Ali, M., Irfan, M., Ozturk, I., & Rauf, A. (2023). Modeling public acceptance of renewable energy deployment: A pathway towards green revolution. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2159849
Almihat, M. G. M., & Munda, J. L. (2025). The role of smart grid technologies in urban and sustainable energy planning. Energies, 18(7), 1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071618
Ang, T.-Z., Salem, M., Kamarol, M., Das, H. S., Nazari, M. A., & Prabaharan, N. (2022). A comprehensive study of renewable energy sources: Classifications, challenges and suggestions. Energy Strategy Reviews, 43, 100939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2022.100939
Attanayake, K., Wickramage, I., Samarasinghe, U., Ranmini, Y., Ehalapitiya, S., Jayathilaka, R., & Yapa, S. (2024). Renewable energy as a solution to climate change: Insights from a comprehensive study across nations. PLOS ONE, 19(6), e0299807. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0299807
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
Berkouwer, S. B., & Dean, J. T. (2021). Credit constraints and solar adoption. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 109, 102517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2021.102517
Bunda, N., Sunio, V., Palmero, S. S., Tabañag, I. D. F., Reyes, D. J., & Ligot, E. (2023). Stage model of the process of solar photovoltaic adoption by residential households in the Philippines. Cleaner Logistics and Circular Economy, 3, 100114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2023.100114
Catubay, A. T., Cristobal, J. R., Malang, B. P., & Malang, J. D. S. (2024). Public awareness, perceptions, and attitudes toward renewable energy adoption in the Philippines: Insights for strategic policy development. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research, 5(11), 4800–4819. https://doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.05.11.38
Chen, H., Yeboah, S. K., Dawodu, A., Dodoo, J. K., & Zou, T. (2025). A systematic review of circular economy of artificial lighting and global sustainability. Energy and Buildings, 347(Part B), 116314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2025.116314
Elia, A., Kamidelivand, M., Rogan, F., & Ó Gallachóir, B. (2021). Impacts of innovation on renewable energy technology cost reductions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 138, 110488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110488
Espinoza, I. I., García-Alcaraz, J. L., Gil López, A. J., Aryanfar, Y., & Keçebaş, A. (2024). Achieving behavioral intention to renewable energy through perceived costs and benefits and environmental concern. Sustainable Futures, 8(1), Article 100319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2024.100319
Freebody, K., & Tytler, R. (2023). Teaching climate change for sustainability: A pedagogical framework. Research in Science Education, 53, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-022-10042-9
García-López, M. (2023). Household energy consumption and the financial feasibility of solar self-consumption. Energy Efficiency, 16, Article 10139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-023-10139-z
Gaspari, J., Antonini, E., Marchi, L., & Vodola, V. (2021). Energy transition at home: A survey on the data and practices that lead to a change in household energy behavior. Sustainability, 13(9), 5268. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095268
Gatri, E. (2026). Investigating the determinants of renewable energy adoption: A survey of consumers’ intention in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 18(9), 4589. https://doi.org/10.3390/su18094589
Guta, D. D. (2020). Determinants of household use of energy-efficient and renewable energy technologies in rural Ethiopia. Technology in Society, 61, 101249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101249
Haghi, E., & Thompson, G. A. (2022). Cost-environment trade-off in using renewable energy in an energy system. In M. Fathi, E. Zio, & P. M. Pardalos (Eds.), Handbook of smart energy systems. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72322-4_56-1
Haq, I., Khan, M., Chakma, S., Hossain, M. I., Sarkar, S., Rejvi, M. R. A., Salauddin, M., & Sarker, M. M. R. (2024). Determinants of household adoption of clean energy with its rural-urban disparities in Bangladesh. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 2356. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52798-7
Jayabal, R. (2024). Towards a carbon-free society: Innovations in green energy for a sustainable future. Results in Engineering, 24, 103121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103121
Johnson, J. A. R., Marston, S., Happle, A., & Majid, N. (2025). Climate change and sustainability education framework: An opportunity for pre-service teaching. Cogent Education, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2025.2460412
Khati, K. K., Ketjoy, N., Suriwong, T., & Chamsa-ard, W. (2026). Bridging the policy gap: A dual-perspective techno-economic analysis of rooftop solar PV viability for self-consumption in Bhutan. Energies, 19(8), 1939. https://doi.org/10.3390/en19081939
Li, Z., Wei, X., Al Shraah, A., Khudoykulov, K., Albasher, G., & Reivan Ortiz, G. G. (2023). Role of green energy usage in reduction of environmental degradation: A comparative study of East Asian countries. Energy Economics, 106927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106927
Mo, S., & Liu, X. (2025). Strengthening the resilience of urban energy systems amid renewable energy transition: A new method based on double machine learning. Energy Policy, 206, 114776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114776
Mutule, A., Borscevskis, O., Astapov, V., Antoskova, I., Carroll, P., & Kairisa, E. (2025). PV energy communities in residential apartments: Technical capacities and economic viability. Sustainability, 17(7), 2901. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072901
Nakaishi, T., Yoo, S., Kumagai, J., & Managi, S. (2026). Residential solar PV and electricity consumption: Pro-environmental behaviors, technology adoption, and pathways to a low-carbon society. Cities, 168, 106449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2025.106449
Okeke, G. N., Obiorah, C. A., Ugah, T. A., Agbakhamen, C. O., Ali, S. E., & Nesiama, O. (2025). Sustainable energy transition: Evaluating the potential of renewable energy systems for a low-carbon future. International Journal of Innovative Mathematics, Statistics & Energy Policies, 12(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15828403
Olabi, A. G., Elsaid, K., Obaideen, K., Abdelkareem, M. A., Rezk, H., Wilberforce, T., Maghrabie, H. M., & Sayed, E. T. (2023). Renewable energy systems: Comparisons, challenges and barriers, sustainability indicators, and the contribution to UN sustainable development goals. International Journal of Thermofluids, 20, 100498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100498
Osman, A. I., Chen, L., Yang, M., et al. (2023). Cost, environmental impact, and resilience of renewable energy under a changing climate: A review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 21, 741–764. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-022-01532-8
Palanca-Tan, R. (2024). Factors influencing household adoption of rooftop solar power in the Philippines: An empirical analysis. Challenges in Sustainability, 12(3), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.56578/cis120301
Paraschiv, L. S., & Paraschiv, S. (2023). Contribution of renewable energy (hydro, wind, solar and biomass) to decarbonization and transformation of the electricity generation sector for sustainable development. Energy Reports, 9(Suppl. 9), 535–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2023.07.024
Peng, Y., & Klöckner, C. A. (2025). Factors affecting households’ adaptive energy-efficient upgrades in response to the energy crisis: The Norwegian case. Energy and Buildings, 326, 115054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115054
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2025, March 3). Inventory of housing units in the City of Lucena (2020 Census of Population and Housing) (Reference No. 2025-085). https://rsso04a.psa.gov.ph/content/inventory-housing-units-city-lucena-2020-census-population-and-housing
Piazza, L., Colelli, F. P., Pasut, W., & De Cian, E. (2025). How do domestic solar PV users respond to price and temperature shocks? Evidence from Italy between 2021–2022. Energy Economics, 151, 108813. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2025.108813
Rogers, E. M. (1962). Diffusion of innovations. Free Press.
Sabroso, L., Suaner, M. N. K., Lucmayon, E., & Asio, J. R. (2024). Household awareness, acceptance, and willingness to pay for renewable energy. Diversitas Journal, 9(1_Special), 0526–0538. https://doi.org/10.48017/dj.v9i1_Special.2944
Shabbir, M. S. (2025). Exploring consumer behavioral intentions toward energy-efficient vehicles: An empirical study for advancing sustainable development goals. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 19(4), 940–959. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-04-2024-0014
Suman, A. (2021). Role of renewable energy technologies in climate change adaptation and mitigation: A brief review from Nepal. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 151, 111524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111524
Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257–285. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1202_4
Torro, S., Rusdi, R., Manda, D., Saleh, S., Akib, H., Darmayanti, D. P., & Ardin, H. (2024). Assessing public awareness and stakeholder influence in renewable energy implementation: A case study from Sulawesi, Indonesia. Journal of Asian Energy Studies, 8, 95–109. https://doi.org/10.24112/jaes.080007
Wei, S., Wen, J., & Saleem, H. (2023). The impact of renewable energy transition, green growth, green trade and green innovation on environmental quality: Evidence from top 10 green future countries. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, Article 1076859. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1076859
Wyszomierski, R., Bórawski, P., Bełdycka-Bórawska, A., Brelik, A., Wysokiński, M., & Wiluk, M. (2025). The cost-effectiveness of renewable energy sources in the European Union’s ecological economic framework. Sustainability, 17(10), 4715. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104715
Yii, K. J., Lau, L. S., Ng, C. F., et al. (2026). What matters for renewable energy adoption? A review from consumers’ perspective. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-026-07619-4
Zakeri, B., Cross, S., Dodds, P. E., & Gissey, G. C. (2021). Policy options for enhancing economic profitability of residential solar photovoltaic with battery energy storage. Applied Energy, 290, 116697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116697
Cite this article:
Campano, V.R., Abrencillo, E. & Jarapa, A.A. (2026). Exploring the effectiveness of green energy in Lucena City: Basis for developing an educational campaign program. Management, Education & Innovation Review, 3(1), 73-93. https://doi.org/10.53378/meir.204
License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) International License.
Find this article in:
Related articles:
Most read articles
- Senior High School Strand Alignment and Its Implication to The Tertiary Programs: A Basis for Bridging Program
- Reading Comprehension Difficulties Among Junior High School Learners
- Difficulties in the writing skills of Grade 11 HUMSS students
- Factors Influencing Reading Comprehension and Difficulties Among Intermediate Learners: Basis For Developing Remedial Reading Intervention
- Identifying gender stereotypes of high school LGBTQ students
- Lived experiences of senior high school focal persons in the implementation of work immersion program
- Disaster risk reduction and management on earthquake preparedness: An assessment
- Digital Marketing Strategies Used by Competing Coffee Shops in Candelaria, Quezon: Perspective of Employees
- Analysis of school rules and regulation implementation: Basis for policy enhancement program
- Technical vocational students’ higher learning institution preference and level of academic and skills preparedness