Impact of agricultural intervention on socio-economic development of farmers: Evidence from regression discontinuity design
Romy Jake G. Pagador, Anthony G. Peñas, Cezar S. Obias Jr. & Emmanuel A. Onsay
Abstract
The contribution of agriculture in the socio-economic development is undeniable and is truly an important part of the Philippine economy. It is also a major source of livelihood and employment of most Filipinos especially in the rural areas. The general intent of this study is to evaluate the impact of the government agricultural intervention on selected upland communities in Goa, Camarines Sur especially on the far-flung barangays of the municipality using Regression Discontinuity Design. This study assessed the socio-economic and poverty status of the local farmers through the agricultural interventions received. The results showed that the distribution of seeds, fertilizers and cash assistance to the upland farmers could improve the overall outputs of the farmers, which can help alleviate their lives. Similarly, the agricultural interventions of the government have great and positive impact to alleviate poverty and improve the quality of life of the local farmers. However, irrigation and farm-to-market roads need to be prioritized to ensure that agricultural production output increase.
Keywords
impact evaluation, socio-economic development, agricultural interventions, upland farmers, regression discontinuity design
Author information & Contribution
Romy Jake G. Pagador. Corresponding author. Saint Paul Academy, Goa, Camarines Sur, Philippines. Best Paper (Social Science Category) International Student Research Competition 2024. E-mail address: romyjakegastilopagador@gmail.com
Anthony G. Peñas. Camarines Sur Institute of Science and Technology Inc., Goa, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Cezar S. Obias Jr. Partido State University, Goa, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Emmanuel A. Onsay. Partido Institute of Economics, Partido State University, Goa, Camarines Sur, Philippines
“All authors equally contributed to the conception, design, preparation, data gathering and analysis, and writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Funding
This work was not supported by any funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
AI Declaration
Notes
Acknowledgement
The Authors express their heartfelt appreciation to Partido State University, ParSU College of Education, Partido Institute of Economics, Local Government Unit of Goa, Farmers of Upland Barangay, and to Almighty God for the power and strength to complete this impactful research.
References
Abebe, T., Chalchisa, T., & Eneyew, A. (2021). The impact of rural livelihood diversification on household poverty: Evidence from Jimma Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Southwest Ethiopia. The Scientific World Journal, 3894610. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3894610
Addinsal, C., Glencross, K., Scherrer, P., Weiler, B., & Nichols, D. ( 2015). Agroecology and sustainable rural livelihoods: A conceptual framework to guide development projects in the Pacific Islands. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 39(6), 691-723. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2015.1017785
Balkrishna, A., Mittal, R., Kumar, A., Singh, D., & Arya, V. 2020). Analysis of policy interventions in agriculture and ICT-based mechanistic approach towards sustainability: An Indian perspective. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 10(1), 194–213. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.1005/2020.10.1/1005.1.194.213
Barnedo, E. D., & Inocencio, A. B. (2021). Impact of subsidies on market competition in the Philippine agriculture and manufacturing sectors. Philippine Journal of Science, 150(5), 1169-1186.
Bisht, I.S., Rana, J.C., & Pal Ahlawat, S. (2020). The future of smallholder farming in India: Some sustainability considerations. Sustainability, 2(9):3751. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12093751
Blackmore, E., Cotula, L., Gautam, B., Karki, K., Mtukule, K., Pokharel, M., Polack, E. & Rupakethi, D. (2022). Supporting small-scale farmer agency in commercial agriculture. International Institute for Environment and Development.
Briones, R.M. (2013). Impact assessment of the agricultural production support services of the department of agriculture on the income of poor farmers/fisherfolk: Review of the evidence. PIDS Discussion Paper Series, No. 2013-23, Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), Makati City.
Briones, R.M. (2021). Philippine agriculture: Current state, challenges, and ways forward. Philippine Institute for Development Studies.
Briones, R.M., Galang, I.R. & Latigar, J.S. (2023). Transforming Philippine agri-food systems with digital technology: Extent, prospects, and inclusiveness. PIDS Discussion Paper Series, No. 2023-29, Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS), Quezon City. https://hdl.handle.net/10419/284628
Chimi, P.M., Mala, W.A., Abdel, K.N., Fobane, J.L., Essouma, F.M., Matick, J.H., Pokam, E.Y.N., Tcheferi, I. & Bell, J.M. (2023). Vulnerability of family farming systems to climate change: The case of the forest-savannah transition zone, Centre Region of Cameroon. Research in Globalization, 7, 100138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2023.100138
Cuevas, J.K.D.C., Hail, P., & Vargas, D. (2021). Effects of palay (rice) check system on the harvests of farmers. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3799348
Das, S., & Mondal, P. (2021). Socio-economic factors affecting agricultural production and income in Bangladesh. Journal of Agricultural Socio-Economics, 2(2), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.33474/jase.v2i2.10856
Department of Agriculture (2019). Banner programs (Rice, corn, national high value crops, livestock and organic agriculture programs) – SDGs – Philippines. SDGs-Philippines.https://sdg.neda.gov.ph/department-of-agriculture-da-banner-programs-rice-corn-national-high-value-crops-livestock-and-organic-agriculture
Diaz, P.R. (2022). Selected factors affecting the subsectors of the Philippine Agriculture: A panel regression analysis. International Journal of Academe and Industry Research, 3(3), 43-64. https://doi.org/10.53378/352911
Emran, S. A., Krupnik, T. J., Aravindakshan, S., Kumar, V., & Pittelkow, C. M. (2021). Factors contributing to farm-level productivity and household income generation in coastal Bangladesh’s rice-based farming systems. PloS one, 16(9), e0256694. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256694
Gautam, M. (2015). Agricultural subsidies: Resurging interest in a perennial debate. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70, 83-105.
Geffersa, A. G. (2023). Agricultural productivity, land use intensification and rural household welfare: evidence from Ethiopia. Agrekon, 62(3-4), 309-327. https://doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2023.2277423
Islam, A.R.M.T., Barman, B.K., & Murshed-E-Jahan, K. (2015). Adoption and impact of integrated rice–fish farming system in Bangladesh. Aquaculture, 447, 76–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.01.006
Israel, M.S. & Sierra, S.A. (2023). Indigenous beliefs, knowledge and practices on fishing and climate change adaptation. International Review of Social Sciences Research, 3 (1), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.53378/352962
Jalotjot, H.C. & Tokuda, H. (2024). Exploring smallholder farmers’ open innovation capability: A structural equation modeling approach. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10(2), 100305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100305
Jamshidi, O., Asadi, A., Kalantari, K., Azadi, H. & Scheffran, J. (2019). Vulnerability to climate change of smallholder farmers in the Hamadan province, Iran. Climate Risk Management, 23, 146-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2018.06.002
Kainyande, A., Auch, E.F. & Okoni-Williams, A.D. (2022). The socio-economic contributions of large-scale plantation forests: perceptions of adjacent rural communities in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. Trees, Forests and People, 10, 100329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100329
Karlberg, L., Garg, K. K., Barron, J., & Wani, S. P. (2015). Impacts of agricultural water interventions on farm income: An example from the Kothapally watershed, India. Agricultural Systems, 136, 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2015.02.002
Landicho, L.D., Paelmo, R.F., Cabahug, R.D., de Luna, C.C., Visco, R.G., & Tolentino, L.L. (2016). climate change adaptation strategies of smallholder agroforestry farmers in the Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 19(1), 37-45.
Meena, R.K., Meena, R.S., Naik, B.S.S.S., Meena, B.L., & Meena, S.C. (2020). Organic farming-concept, principles, goals & as a sustainable agriculture: A review. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(4), 24-32.
Mercado, K.M.P. & Osbahr, H. (2023). Feeding the future: knowledge and perception of the Filipino youth toward agriculture. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, 20(2), 31-50. https://doi.org/10.37801/ajad2023.20.2.3
Mohapatra, S., Mohapatra, S., Han, H., Ariza-Montes, A. & López-Martín, Md.C. (2022). Climate change and vulnerability of agribusiness: Assessment of climate change impact on agricultural productivity. Front. Psychol. 13:955622. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.955622
Mopera, L. E. (2016). Food loss in the food value chain: The Philippine agriculture scenario. Journal of Developments in Sustainable Agriculture, 11(1), 8–16. https://doi.org/10.11178/jdsa.11.8
Mphande, F.A. (2016). Rural livelihood. In: Infectious Diseases and Rural Livelihood in Developing Countries. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0428-5_2
Muyombano, E., & Espling, M. (2020). Land use consolidation in Rwanda: The experiences of small-scale farmers in Musanze District, Northern Province. Land Use Policy, 99, 105060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105060
Onsay, E.A. (2022). Poverty profile and health dynamics of indigenous people. International Review of Social Sciences Research, 2(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.53378/352876
Onsay, E.A., & Rabajante, J. F. (2024). Measuring the unmeasurable multidimensional poverty for economic development: Datasets, algorithms, and models from the poorest region of Luzon, Philippines. Data in Brief, 110150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2024.110150
Pulhin, J.M., Peras, R.J., Pulhin, F.B. & Gevaña, D.T. (2016). Farmers’ adaptation to climate variability: Assessment of effectiveness and barriers based on local experience in Southern Philippines. Journal of Environmental Science and Management, Special Issue.
Setboonsarng, S. (2008). The impact of rural infrastructure and agricultural support services on poverty: The case of agrarian reform communities in the Philippines (No. 110). ADBI Discussion Paper.
Sheludkov, A., Kamp, J., & Müller, D. (2020). Decreasing labor intensity in agriculture and the accessibility of major cities shape the rural population decline in postsocialist Russia. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 62(4), 481–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1822751
Statista (2022, November 9). Agriculture in the Philippines. https://www.statista.com/
Teruel, R. G., & Kuroda, Y. (2005). Public infrastructure and productivity growth in Philippine agriculture, 1974–2000. Journal of Asian Economics, 16(3), 555–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2005.04.011
Umanailo, M. C. B., Bugis, M., Nursyifa, A., Sangadji, M., Kembauw, E., Lionardo, A., & Nasirin, C. (2021). The need of land for industry and housing as a trigger development on modern society. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5, 701981. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.701981
United Nations (2022). Make the SDGS a Reality. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php
Williams. H. (2017). Agricultural subsidies and the environment. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.310
Wimalasekera, R. (2015). Role of seed quality in improving crop yields. In: Hakeem, K. (eds) Crop Production and Global Environmental Issues. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23162-4_6
Wu, M., Hu, K., Bilan, Y., Pimonenko, T., & Hamid, I. (2022). The impact of government subsidies on technological innovation in agribusiness: The case for China. Sustainability, 14(21), 14003. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114003
Cite this article:
Pagador, R.J.G., Peñas, A.G., Obias, C.S. & Onsay, E.A. (2024). Impact of agricultural intervention on socio-economic development of farmers: Evidence from regression discontinuity design. International Journal of Academe and Industry Research, 5(3), 125-153. https://doi.org/10.53378/ijair.353101
License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) International License.
Find this article in:
Most read articles
- Social media usage and the academic performance of Filipino junior high school students
- Exploring the factors influencing commuters’ satisfaction and the use of public utility buses in Quezon City, Philippines
- A narrative exploration of romantic experiences and ideal relationship standards among Filipino Gen Z
- Students’ exposure to social media and their radical involvement on the societal issues in the Philippines
- ChatGPT integration significantly boosts personalized learning outcomes: A Philippine study
- Tiktok made me book it: The impact of Tiktok on tourism destination selection of generation Z and millennials in Manila
- Senior high school students’ awareness and literacy on computer software applications
- Self-perception of ABM students towards their academic, social and emotional college preparedness
- Enhancing financial literacy among Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program beneficiaries
- Emotional intelligence and leadership efficacy of university student leaders