Abstract
Rauwolfia serpentina (serpentina) and peperomia pellucida (pansit-pansitan) were used as the raw materials for creating different mixtures to determine which concentration is faster in exterminating Rhipicephalus sanguineus latrille (common ticks). The process used was decoction, the harvested extract was used for the creation of the spray mixtures. The process used three different preparations of mixture concentration with variants concentration ratio of serpentina/pansit-pansitan as: mixture 1 with 50%/50%; mixture 2 with 75%/25%, and mixture 3 with 25%/75%. The study recorded the testing times in exterminating the ticks as: mixture 1 had the results in 1.5 hours (sprayed once), 1.33 hours (sprayed twice), and 1.25 hours (sprayed thrice); mixture 2 had the results in 3.5 hours (sprayed once), 3.42 hours (sprayed twice), and 3.33 hours (sprayed thrice); and mixture 3 had the results in 1.5 hours (sprayed once), 1.42 hours (sprayed twice), and 1.33 hours (sprayed thrice). The experiment showed that mixture 1 and mixture 3 almost had the same results, if not for a few second differences, mixture 1 was always faster than mixture 3, while mixture 2 was left behind for a few hours. Therefore, mixture 1 is the best concentration to exterminate the ticks in a controlled environment.
Keywords: Serpentina, Pansit-Pansitan, Ticks, Antiparasitic
References
O. Ogunmoye, I. A. Oladosu, O. C. Atewolara-Odule, O. O. Olubomehin, I. B. Onajobi & S. Tijani (2018). Antimicrobial Activities Of Essential Oils From Peperomia Pellucida (Linn.) Leaf Obtained in Nigeria. J. Chem Soc. Nigeria, Vol. 43, No. 4, pp 872 -878
Akinnibosun, H., Akinnibosun, F., & German, B. (2021). Antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Peperomia pellucida (l.) H. B. & K. (piperaceae) on three gram-negative bacteria isolates. Science World Journal. Vol. 3 No. 4. 10.4314/swj.v3i4.51825
Ali, W. B., Shireen, E., Masroor, M., Kiran, S., Memon, N., Junaid, N., & Haleem, D. J. (2022). Oral Administration of Rauwolfia serpentina Plant Extract Mitigated Immobilization Stress-Induced Behavioral and Biochemic and Deficits in Rats. IECN 2022. MDPI. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/IECN2022-12393
Alshahrani, M. Y., Rafi, Z., Alabdallah, N. M., Shoaib, A., Ahmad, I., Asiri, M., Zaman, G. S., Wahab, S., Saeed, M., & Khan, S. (2021). A Comparative Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antineoplastic Potential of Rauwolfia serpentina (L.) Leaf Extract with Its Biologically Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles (R-AuNPs). Plants (Basel, Switzerland), 10(11), 2278. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112278
Apatas, D., Cauan, J., Malazo, A., Raganit, C., Israel, J., & Ramirez Jr., R. M. (2020). International Network for Natural Sciences. Retrieved from INNS Pub: https://innspub.net
Azmi, M., & Qureshi, S. (2012). Methanolic Root Extract of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth Improves the Glycemic, Antiatherogenic, and Cardioprotective Indices in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice. Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 2012, 11 pages, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/376429
Bojo, A., Garcia, E., & Pocsidio, G. (1995). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved from AGRIS FAO : https://agris.fao.org/agris
Chauhan, S., Kaur, A., & Pareek, R. K. (2017). Pharmacobotanical and pharmacological evaluation of ayurvedic crude drug: Rauwolfia serpentina (Apocynaceae). International Journal of Green Pharmacy. Oct-Dec 2017 (Suppl) • 11 (4)
De Guzman, C. (2000). Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations. Retrieved from Agris Fao Org: https://agris.fao.org
Ekor M. (2014). The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Frontiers in pharmacology, 4, 177. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00177
John M, Raman M, & Ryan K. (2017). A tiny tick can cause a big health problem. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017;65:1228-32.
John M, Raman M, Ryan K. (2017). A tiny tick can cause a big health problem. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2017 Nov;65(11):1228-1232. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_411_17.
Khurshid, U., Ahmad, S., Saleem, H., LodhI, A. H., Pervaiz, I., Khan, M. A., Khan, H., AlamrI, A., AnsarI, M., LocatellI, M., Arshad, M. A., Wazir, M. A., Butt, J., & Anwar, S. (2022). Multifaced Assessment of Antioxidant Power, Phytochemical Metabolomics, In-Vitro Biological Potential and In-Silico Studies of Neurada procumbens L.: An Important Medicinal Plant. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 27(18), 5849. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27185849
Kumari, R., Rathib, B., Ranic, A., & Bhatnagar, S. (2013). Rauvolfia serpentina L. Benth. ex Kurz.: Phytochemical, Pharmacological and Therapeutic Aspects. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 23(2), Nov – Dec 2013; nᵒ 56, 348-355
Lobay D. (2015). Rauwolfia in the Treatment of Hypertension. Integrative medicine (Encinitas, Calif.), 14(3), 40–46.
Negi, J., Bhandaria, A., Singh, P., Bisht, V., Bisht, D., & Singh, N. (2014). Quantification of reserpine content and antibacterial activity of Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz. African Journal of Microbiology Research. Vol. 8(2), pp. 162-166, 8 January, 2014. DOI: 10.5897/AJMR2013.5847
Nigussie, D., Davey, G., Legesse, B. A., Fekadu, A., & Makonnen, E. (2021). Antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of the leaves of three medicinal plants against selected bacteria isolated from wounds of lymphoedema patients. BMC complementary medicine and therapies, 21(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-03183-0
Orkin, LLC. 2021. Brown Dog Tick Facts. Retrieved April 27, 2021, from https://www.orkin.com/other/ticks/brown-dogticks#:~:text=Brown%20dog%20 ticks%20may%20 transmit,known%20carriers% 20of%20Lyme%20disease
Sharanabasappa, C. M., Kalleshwaraswamy, R., Asokan, H.M., Mahadeva Swamv, M. S., Marutid, H. B., Pavithra, Kavita Hegde, Shivaray Navi, S.T. Prabhu, Georg Goergen (2018). First report of the Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an alien invasive pest on maize in India. Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems. Volume 24, Issue 1, Pages 23-29
Sharanabasappa, D., Kalleshwaraswamy, C.M., Asokan, R., Mahadeva Swamy, H.M., Marutid, M.S., Pavithra, H.B., Hegde, K., Navi, S., Prabhu, S.T., Goergen, G. Gomes, P. W. P., Barretto, H., Reis, J. D. E., Muribeca, A., Veloso, A., Albuquerque, C., Teixeira, A., Braamcamp, W., Pamplona, S., Silva, C., & Silva, M. (2022). Chemical Composition of Leaves, Stem, and Roots of Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 27(6), 1847. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061847
Upadhayay, V., Singh, P., & Kaushik, P. (2009). Bioevaluation of antibacterial potential of Sarpgandha (Rauwolfia serpentina). Environment Conservation Journal, 10(1&2). https://doi.org/10.36953/ECJ.2009.101218
Wei, L. S., Wee, W., Siong, J. Y., & Syamsumir, D. F. (2011). Characterization of anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant properties and chemical compositions of Peperomia pellucida leaf extract. Acta medica Iranica, 49(10), 670–674.
Welz, A.N., Emberger-Klein, A. & Menrad, K. Why people use herbal medicine: insights from a focus-group study in Germany. BMC Complement Altern Med 18, 92 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2160-6
