Human development gaps: Evidence from Eastern Indonesia
Siti Amalia, Agus Iwan Kesuma, Auliansyah, Yesi Aprianti & Adi Wijaya
Abstract
The Human Development Index (HDI) in Indonesia continues to improve. However, the rate of development varies by region, most notably in eastern Indonesia. Based on our findings, it is clear that during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in 2020, HDI growth in Indonesia slowed, with Eastern Indonesia even experiencing negative growth. During this time, Eastern Indonesia dropped from 65.78 to 65.74, or 0.04 points, while other regions continued to increase by 0.05 to 0.06 points. Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) per capita, the number of poor people, the expected length of schooling, and life expectancy are among the variables that affect HDI. Between 2012 and 2022, data about variables affecting HDI were gathered as panel data from 159 regencies/cities in 5 provinces in Eastern Indonesia. The provinces are East Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, North Maluku, Papua, and West Papua. According to the data, GRDP per capita, expected length of schooling, and life expectancy all positively affected the HDI. In contrast, the number of poor people had the opposite effect. Differences in these four elements in each of Indonesia's regions will cause HDI disparities. The study's policy implications are that the Indonesian government can emphasize equitable distribution and improve the quality of human development in eastern Indonesia.
Keywords
human development index, GRDP per capita, poor people, expected length of school, life expectancy
Author information & Contribution
Siti Amalia. Doctoral in Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Mulawarman University, email: siti.amalia@feb.unmul.ac.id
Agus Iwan Kesuma. Corresponding author. Master's degree in Economics, Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economics and Business, Mulawarman University, email: agus.iwan.kesuma@feb.unmul.ac.id
Auliansyah. Master's degree in Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business Mulawarman University, email: auliansyah@feb.unmul.ac.id
Yesi Aprianti. Master's degree in Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Mulawarman University, email: yesi.aprianti@feb.unmul.ac.id
Adi Wijaya. Doctoral in Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business, Mulawarman University, email: adi.wijaya@feb.unmul.ac.id
Disclosure statement
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
AI Declaration
Notes
Acknowledgement
References
Amaluddin, A., Payapo, R. W., Laitupa, A. A., & Serang, M. R. (2018). A Modified Human Development Index and Poverty in the Villages of West Seram Regency, Maluku Province, Indonesia. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 8(2).
Arisman, A. (2018). Determinant of Human Development Index in ASEAN Countries. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v7i1.6756
Bagolin, I. P., & Comim, F. V. (2008). Human Development Index ( HDI ) and its family of indexes : an evolving critical review. Revista de Economia, 34(2).
Bauchner, H., Fontanarosa, P. B., & Golub, R. M. (2020). Editorial Evaluation and Peer Review during a Pandemic: How Journals Maintain Standards. In JAMA – Journal of the American Medical Association (Vol. 324, Issue 5). https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.11764
Biagi, B., Ladu, M. & Royuela, V. (2015). Human development and tourism specialization. Evidence from a panel of developed and developing countries. Research Institute of Applied Economics Working Paper 2015/05 1/45
Biao, I. (2011). Human development index literacy as a new social development theory. International Critical Thought, 1(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2011.640136
Bilbao-Ubillos, J. (2013). Another approach to measuring human development: The composite dynamic Human Development Index. Soc Indic Res. 2013;111(2):473–84.
BPS.go.id. (2020). Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) Tahun 2020. Berita Resmi Statistik, 12(97).
Budhijana, R. B. (2020). Analisis Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Index Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) dan Pengangguran Terhadap Tingkat Kemiskinan Di Indonesia Tahun 2000-2017. Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen Dan Perbankan (Journal of Economics, Management and Banking), 5(1). https://doi.org/10.35384/jemp.v5i1.170
Budiono, S. & Purba, J. (2023). Factors of foreign direct investment flows to Indonesia in the era of COVID-19 pandemic. Heliyon. Volume 9, Issue 4, April 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15429
Buhaerah, P. (2016). Poverty and Human Rights: New Direction in Poverty Eradication. Jurnal Bina Praja, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.21787/jbp.08.2016.221-230
Chhatwal, J., & Postma, M. J. (2021). Health Economics of Interventions to Tackle the Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic. In Value in Health (Vol. 24, Issue 5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2021.03.002
Comim, F. (2016). Assessing alternative measures of human development from a capability perspective. 2016 UNDP Human Development Report.
Darma, D. C., P. P. , & W. T. C. (2020). Ekonomika gizi: dimensi baru di Indonesia (A. Rikki, Ed.). Yayasan Kita Menulis. https://repository.unmul.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/29127/FullBook%20Ekonomika%20Gizi.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y
Dasic, B., Devic, Z., Denic, N., Zlatkovic, D., Ilic, I. D., Cao, Y., Jermsittiparsert, K., & Le, H. Van. (2020). Human development index in a context of human development: Review on the western Balkans countries. Brain and Behavior, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1755
Deb, S. (2015). The Human Development Index and Its Methodological Refinements. Social Change, 45(1), 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049085714561937
Deonandan, R. (2019). Defining Poverty: A Summary of Competing Models. Journal of Social and Political Sciences, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.31014/AIOR.1991.02.01.44
Dervis, K., & Klugman, J. (2011). Measuring human progress: the contribution of the Human Development Index and related indices. Revue d’économie Politique, 121(1), 73–92. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43859903
Elistia, E., & Syahzuni, B. A. (2018). The correlation of the human development index (HDI) towards economic growth (GDP per capita) in 10 Asean member countries. JHSS Journal of Humanities And Social Studies, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.33751/jhss.v2i2.949
Fossaceca, A. (2019). Assessing the Determinants of the Human Development Index in Oil-Dependent Nations, Undergraduate Economic Review. Vol. 16: Iss. 1, Article 19. Available at: https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/uer/vol16/iss1/19
Ghislandi, S., Sanderson, W. C., & Scherbov, S. (2019). A Simple Measure of Human Development: The Human Life Indicator. Population and Development Review, 45(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12205
Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, Dawn. C. (2013). Basic Econometrics 4th Edition. In Tata McGraw-Hill.
Gweshengwe, B., & Hassan, N. H. (2020). Defining the characteristics of poverty and their implications for poverty analysis. In Cogent Social Sciences, Vol. 6, Issue 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2020.1768669
Haughton, J. & Khandker, S.R. (2009). Handbook on Poverty and Inequality. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11985
Humaira, U. H., & Nugraha, J. (2018). Analysis of Factors Affecting the Human Development Index in West Kalimantan Province using Data Panel Data Regression. EKSAKTA: Journal of Sciences and Data Analysis. https://doi.org/10.20885/eksakta.vol18.iss2.art2
Ibar-Alonso, R., Cosculluela-Martínez, C., & Hewings, G. (2019). Time indicator of the Human Development Index. Time & Society, 28(1), 273–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X17716553
Indri Arrafi Juliannisa, & Siswantini, T. (2019). Improving Human Development Index (HDI) by Illiteracy Eradication (Case Study in Cibadak Village). Jurnal Samudra Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.33059/jseb.v11i1.1784
Iskandar, I. (2017). Effect Of Human Development Index Fund on Economic Growth Through A Special Autonomy. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.23917/jep.v18i1.2920
Khodabakhshi, A. (2011). Relationship between GDP and Human Development Indices in India. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance. https://doi.org/10.7763/ijtef.2011.v2.111
Lind, N. A Development of the Human Development Index. Soc Indic Res 146, 409–423 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02133-9
Liu, C., Tu, J. & He, Y. (2023). Measurement of China’s Human Development Index and Analysis of Its Influencing Factors from the Perspective of New Development Concept. Soc Indic Res 167, 213–268 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-023-03105-w
Lonska, J., & Boronenko, V. (2015). Rethinking Competitiveness and Human Development in Global Comparative Researches. Procedia Economics and Finance, 23. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)00475-x
Nainggolan, L. E., Sembiring, L. D., & Nainggolan, N. T. (2021). Analisis Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia yang Berdampak pada Kemiskinan di Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Open Journal Systems, 15(10).
Ngoo, Y. T., & Tey, N. P. (2019). Human Development Index as a Predictor of Life Satisfaction. Journal of Population and Social Studies [JPSS], 27(1), 70–86.
Paliova, I., McNown, R. & Nulle, G. (2019). Multiple Dimensions of Human Development Index and Public Social Spending for Sustainable Development. IMF Working Papers. Volume 2019: Issue 204. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513511924.001
Perkins, D.D., Ozgurer M.R., Lupton, A. and Omidvar-Tehrani, S. (2021). Well-Being as Human Development, Equality, Happiness and the Role of Freedom, Activism, Decentralization, Volunteerism and Voter Participation: A Global Country-Level Study. Front. Psychol. 12:745818. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.745818
Pinar, M., Stengos, T. & Topaloglou, N. Stochastic dominance spanning and augmenting the human development index with institutional quality. Ann Oper Res 315, 341–369 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-022-04656-w
Prakash, R. & Garg, P. (2019). Comparative assessment of HDI with Composite Development Index (CDI). Insights into Regional Development, 2019, 1 (1), pp.58-76.
Putra, N. E. (2018). Analisis Pengaruh Kemiskinan, Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Pengangguran Terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) di Provinsi Jambi Tahun 2011-2015. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 9.
Ranis, G., & Stewart, F. (2012). Success and failure in human development, 1970-2007. In Journal of Human Development and Capabilities, Vol. 13, Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2011.645026
Ranis, G., Stewart, F. & Samman, E. (2006). Human Development: Beyond the Human Development Index. Journal of Human Development, 7:3, 323-358, DOI: 10.1080/14649880600815917
Regina, Sinring, B., & Arifin. (2020). Analysis of the effects of poverty, general allocation fund and economic growth to human development index (HDI) in Indonesia. Jurnal Economic Resource, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.57178/jer.v3i2.300
Reni Tjondro Sugianto, H. A., & Vasantan, P. (2018). Spiritual Capital in Entrepreneurial Spirit of Dayak Youth. KnE Social Sciences, 3(10). https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i10.3158
Roy, J., Hasid, Z., Lestari, D., Darma, D. C., & Kurniawan A, E. (2021). COVID-19 Maneuver on Socio-economic: Exploitation Using Correlation. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi Dan Bisnis (JPEB), 9(2). https://doi.org/10.21009/jpeb.009.2.6
Saha, S., & Zhang, Z. (2017). Democracy-growth nexus and its interaction effect on human development: A cross-national analysis. Economic Modelling, 63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2017.02.021
Sullivan, J., Shih, T. M., Van Eijndhoven, E., Jalundhwala, Y. J., Lakdawalla, D. N., Zadikoff, C., Benner, J., Marshall, T. S., & Sail, K. R. (2020). The Social Value of Improvement in Activities of Daily Living among the Advanced Parkinson’s Disease Population. Forum for Health Economics and Policy, 23(2). https://doi.org/10.1515/fhep-2019-0021
Swastika, D. K. S., & Supriyatna, Y. (2016). The Characteristics of Poverty and Its Alleviation in Indonesia. Forum Penelitian Agro Ekonomi, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.21082/fae.v26n2.2008.103-115
Syofya, H. (2018). Effect of Poverty and Economic Growth on Indonesia Human Development Index. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.33087/jiubj.v18i2.486
The World Bank. (2010). Human Development Index (HDI). The World Bank. https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/africa-development-indicators/series/UNDP.HDI.XD
Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2014). Economic Development (D. Battista & D. Alexander, Eds.; 12th ed.). Pearson. https://oeclass.aua.gr/eclass/modules/document/file.php/AOA245/Economic%20Development%20-%20Todaro%20and%20Smith.pdf
Tunsi, W., & Alidrisi, H. (2023). The Innovation-Based Human Development Index Using PROMETHEE II: The Context of G8 Countries. Sustainability, 15(14), 11373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151411373
United Nation. (n.d.). 17 Goals to Transform Our World. Retrieved September 1, 2023, from https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/
Vivek Mishra, V. (2019). Indonesia’s GDP growth set to slow in Q3 as COVID-19 curbs bite. Reuters. Available at https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/indonesias-gdp-growth-set-slow-q3-covid-19-curbs-bite-2021-11-03/
Wagle, U. (2018). Rethinking poverty: definition and measurement. International Social Science Journal, 68(227–228). https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12192
Wijaya, P. Y., & Suasih, N. R. (2021). One Decade, 20 Percent Education Budget: How About Causality Between Education Success and Poverty? Jurnal Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terapan. https://doi.org/10.24843/jekt.2021.v14.i01.p09
Yakunina, R. P., & Bychkov, G. A. (2015). Correlation Analysis of the Components of the Human Development Index Across Countries. Procedia Economics and Finance, 24. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)00692-9
Yin, R., Lepinteur, A., Clark, A. E., & D’Ambrosio, C. (2023). Life Satisfaction and the Human Development Index Across the World. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 54(2), 269–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220221211044784
Yogiantoro, M., Komariah, D., & Irawan, I. (2019). Effects Of Education Funding In Increasing Human Development Index. JEJAK, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v12i2.23391
ZA, S. Z., Amalia, S., Darma, D. C., & Azis, M. (2021). Spurring economic growth in terms of happiness, human development, competitiveness, and global innovation: The ASEAN case. ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development, 38(1). https://doi.org/10.29037/ajstd.653
Cite this article:
Siti Amalia, Agus Iwan Kesuma, Auliansyah, Yesi Aprianti & Adi Wijaya (2023). Human development gaps: Evidence from Eastern Indonesia. International Review of Social Sciences Research, 3 (3), 24-43. https://doi.org/10.53378/353012
License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) International License.
Find this article in:
Most read articles
- Social media usage and the academic performance of Filipino junior high school students
- Exploring the factors influencing commuters’ satisfaction and the use of public utility buses in Quezon City, Philippines
- A narrative exploration of romantic experiences and ideal relationship standards among Filipino Gen Z
- Students’ exposure to social media and their radical involvement on the societal issues in the Philippines
- ChatGPT integration significantly boosts personalized learning outcomes: A Philippine study
- Tiktok made me book it: The impact of Tiktok on tourism destination selection of generation Z and millennials in Manila
- Senior high school students’ awareness and literacy on computer software applications
- Self-perception of ABM students towards their academic, social and emotional college preparedness
- Enhancing financial literacy among Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program beneficiaries
- Emotional intelligence and leadership efficacy of university student leaders