Abstract
Farm tourism is becoming one of the Philippines’ most profitable businesses. The potential of farms has prompted the formation of farm destinations in the province of Cavite. Considering its emergence, seeking the best approach to preserve competitiveness is vital towards farms’ long-term viability. The purpose of this study is to examine the perspectives of farm tourism supply-side stakeholders on the competitiveness and sustainability of farm destinations in upland Cavite. Specifically, to determine their degree of agreement on destination competitiveness in terms of inherited, created, and support resources, situational and demand conditions, and destination management; and their degree of agreement on economic, social, and environmental sustainability. Descriptive-correlational research was employed on the data gathered from 158 participants. The data analyses used were weighted mean, standard deviation, Pearson-r correlation, and multiple regression. The findings revealed that the supply-side stakeholders “Agree” on competitiveness and on the sustainability of farm destinations. The result of the regression analysis showed that situational conditions, destination management, and demand conditions are predictors of sustainability and that there are positive and significant relationships between competitiveness and sustainability. The result suggested the need to strengthen farm destination accessibility, uplift the livelihood of residents, and enhance the farms green marketing strategies.
Keywords: farm destination, competitiveness, sustainability, stakeholders, farm tourism
References
Abocejo, F. T. (2015). Tourism competitiveness of Cebu in Central Philippines: status, challenges and sustainability. Taiwan-Philippines Cultural Dialogue IV. 91-112.
Abreu Novais, M. (2018). Tourism Destination Competitiveness: A Supply and Demand Perspective. PhD Thesis, UQ Business School. The University of Queensland. https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2018.244
Adillon, R. (2019). Diamond model: a theoretical framework for the sustainable development of tourism. Hospitality & Tourism Management International Journal, 1, (1) https://doi.org/10.15406/ahoaj.2019.03.00099
Ahmed, S. (2016). Sustainable Tourism Development in Bangladesh: A Case Study of Cox’s Bazar Bangladesh. Centria University of Applied Science. https://www.theseus.fi/
Armenski, T., Nemanja D., Markovic V., & Jovanovic, T. (2011). Integrated model of destination competitiveness. Geographica Pannonica, 15 (2): 58-69. doi: 10.5937/ GeoPan1102058A
Arnould, P.L. (2017). What is Sustainable Tourism and Why is it Important?. Visit.org blog. https://blog.visit.org/what-is-sustainable-tourism/
Barbe, F., Triay, M.G., & Haufele, C. (2016). The competitiveness of the Uruguayan Rural Tourism Sector and Its Potential To Attract German Tourists. DOI:10.1108/CR-06-2015-0050
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management.17 (1), 99-120.
Buted D.R., Ylagan A.P., & Mendoza, E. (2014). Promoting the tourism industry of Calatagan Batangas, Philippines. Quest Journals, Journal of Research in Business and Management, 2 (5), 1-4.
Calderwood, L.U., & Soshkin, M. (2019). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019: Travel and Tourism at a Tipping Point. ISBN- 13: 978-2-940631-01-8 http://www3.weforum.org/
Carmichael, Barbara & Senese, Donna. (2014). Competitiveness and Sustainability in Wine Tourism Regions: The Application of a Stage Model of Destination Development to Two Canadian Wine Regions. The Geography of Wine: Regions, Terroir and Techniques. 159-178. 10.1007/978-94-007-0464-0-9.
Cavite Ecological Profile, (2017). The Official Website of the Province of Cavite. http://cavite.gov.ph/home/cavite-ecological-profile-2017/
Chelangat, C. (2017). Contribution of Rural Tourism Initiatives to Community Livelihoods in the Mara Triangle, Kenya.
Choenkwan S., Promkambut A., Hayao F. & Rambo T. (2016). Does Agri tourism Benefit Mountain Farmers? A Case Study in Phu Ruea District, Northeast Thailand, 36 (2). https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-15-00111.1
Claude, R. (2018). Organizational factors and competitiveness: a case study of medium and large manufacturing enterprises in Rwanda. Journal of Business and Financial Affairs. 7 (4): 354. DOI: 10.4172/2167-0234.1000354
Day, J. (2016). Sustainable Tourism Model. An Integrated System Approach to Managing Tourism Growth: A Destination Marketing Organization Perspective. Purdue University. https://www.purdue.edu/
D’ Hartserre, A. (2000). Lessons in managerial destination competitiveness in the case of Foxwoods Casino Resort. Tourism Management.21 (1), 23-32.
Dlamini, B.P., Kirsten, J.F., & Masuku, M.B. (2014). Factors affecting the competitiveness of the agribusiness sector in Swaziland. Journal of Agricultural Studies, 2(1).DOI: 10.5296/jas.v2il.4775 http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45492
Diaz, M.R., & Rodrigues, T.F. (2016). Determining the sustainability factors and performance of tourists destination from the stakeholder’s perspective. Sustainability, 8, doi:10.3390/su8090951
Eid, K., El-Kassrawy, Y.A. & Agaga, G. (2019). Integrating destination attributes, political (in) stability, destination image, tourists satisfaction and intention to recommend: A study of UAE. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research .https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1096348019837750
Estevão, Cristina & Nunes, Sara & Ferreira, João J. & Fernandes, Cristina. (2018). Tourism sector competitiveness in Portugal: applying Porter’s Diamond. Tourism & Management Studies. 14 (1). 30-44. DOI.10.18089/tms.2018.14103.
Fathimath, Amira. (2015). The Role of Stakeholder Collaboration in Sustainable Tourism Competitiveness: The Case of Auckland, New Zealand.
Gaki, Eleni; Kostopoulou, Stella; Parisi, Evangelia; Lagos, Dimitris (2016) : The evaluation of tourism satisfaction in island destinations: the case of the Ionian Islands of Greece, 56th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: “Cities & Regions: Smart, Sustainable, Inclusive?”,Econstor. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/174645
Geiger, O.(2017). The impact of stakeholder relations on the sustainability of tourism development An Indonesian case study. The Arctic University of Norway.
Goffi, G. (2013) Determinants of Tourism Destination Competitiveness: A Theoretical Model and Empirical Evidence. The Hongkong Polytechnic University.
Gurung, L. (2012). Exploring Links between Tourism and Agriculture in sustainable Development: A Case Study of Kagnebi. VDC, Nepal. Lincoln University.
Hanahiah, M.H.., Hemdi, M.A., Ahmad, I. (2014). Tourism destination competitiveness: Towards a performance-based approach. Tourism Economics.https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2014.0446
Ibănescu B-C, Stoleriu OM, Munteanu A, Iațu C. The impact of tourism on sustainable development of rural areas: evidence from Romania. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3529. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103529
Kostalove, B. (2017). Tourism Impact and Residents Perspectives: The Case of Zell am See Kaprun. Modul Vienna University. https://www.modul.ac.at/
Lago, N.A. (2017). Tourism demand and agriculture supply: basis for agritourism development in Quezon Province. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 5(3), 1-9.
Lou, Y., Chen, Y., & Zheng. W. (2016). A literature review on evaluating tourism destinations. Xiamen University. https://www.scitepress.org/Papers/
Manalo, C.C., Amboy, S.M., Gamil, R.S., Geroy, A.C., & Festijo, B.T. (2019). Benefits of agritourism in Batangas province. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts and Sciences. Vol. 6 (3), 8-16. P-ISSN 2362-8022 E-ISSN 2362-8030
Michael, N., Reisinger Y., & Hayes, P. (2019). The UAE’s tourism competitiveness: business perspective. Tourism Management Perspective, 30, 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.02.002
Notorio, A., Mandigma, E., Desingaño, B., Buenviaje, & J., Mejia, G. (2016). Predictors of sustainable tourism perceptions: a case of the province of Cavite, Philippines. Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on Hospitality and Tourism Management, 4, 43-55. https://doi.org/10.17501/ icoht.2016.4106
Notorio, P.A., Mandigma, E.C. Jr., Desingano, B. R., Buenviaje, J.S., & Mejia, G.R. (2016). Sustainable tourism development needs in the province of Cavite, Philippines, The Social Sciences. 11(20). DOI:10.3923/sscience.2016.4871.4874
Ocampo, K.R. (2019). PH is one of the world’s top agritourism destination. Inquirer. https://business.inquirer.net/280507/farm-tourism-growing-in-ph
Omerzel-Gomezel D.,& Mihalic T. (2008). Destination competitiveness-applying different models, the case of Slovenia. Tourism Management, 29 (2), 294-307. DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.03.009
Pjerotic, L.(2017). A stakeholder cooperation in implementation of the sustainable development concept: Montenegrin tourists destinations. Journal of International Studies. Vol. 10 (2).
Recio, V.L. , De Ade, A.M.,Esguerra, C. M.,Mandanas, S.A., Masangkay, J.t., Mendania, J.A., Apritado, J. (2014). Status and prospects of agri-Tourism in selected municipalities of the 4 th District of Batangas. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research.2(4), 72.
Richards, G. (2020). Designing creative places: The role of creative tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. Vol (85). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102922t
Roxas, F.M., Rivera, J.R., & Gutierrez, E.M.( 2020).Mapping stakeholders’ roles in governing sustainable tourism destinations. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. Vol (45), 387-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.09.005
Sarma, S.D. (2018). Preserve natural resources, promote farming. The Tribune. https://www.teriin.org/opinion/preserve-natural-resources-promote-farming
Santiano, L. (25 October 2018). Cavite redefines tourism amid digital transformation. The Official Website of Province of Cavite. https://cavite.gov.ph/home/2018/10/25/cavite-redefines-tourism-amid-digital-transformation/
Sawe, B. E. (27 August 2018). What are Natural Resources? Environment. https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/what-are-natural-resources
Singh, H. (30 March 2019). Sustainable development: background, definition, pillars and objectives. Jagran Josh. https://www.jagranjosh.com/general- knowledge/sustainable-
Siudek, T., & Zawojska, A. (2014). Competitiveness in the economic concepts, theories, and empirical research. Economia, 13 (1): 91-108.
Study.com (n.d.). Why is Green Marketing Important? – Objectives & Benefits. https://study.com/academy/lesson/why-is-green-marketing-important-objectives benefits.html
Sustainable Tourism (n.d.) What is sustainable tourism?. Green Ideas for Tourism. http://www.greentourism.eu/
UNEP &WTO (2005). Making Tourism More Sustainable. A Guide from Policy Makers.https://wedocs.unep.org/
Volgeer, M. & Pechlaner, H. (2014). Requirements for destination management organizations in destination governance: Understanding DMO success. Tourism Management. 41, 64-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.09.001
Wahogo, J.K. (2006). An Application of Porter’s Diamond Model to Analyse Competitiveness of Kenya’s Tourism Industry. University of Nairobi Research
Waseema, M. (2017). Enhancing Destination Competitiveness for a Sustainable Tourism Industry: The Case of Maldives. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 10, (02) 11-24.
Weldearegay, H. (2017). The entry points to sustainable tourism destination competitiveness (STC): philosophical approach. Journal on Tourism and Hospitality, 6, (6). DOI: 10.4172/2167-0269.1000323
Welteji, D., Zerihun, B.(2018). Tourism–Agriculture Nexuses: practices, challenges and opportunities in the case of Bale Mountains National Park, Southeastern Ethiopia. Agric & Food Secur 7, 8 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0156-6
Wondowossen, T. (2014). Competitiveness as an indicator of sustainable development of tourism: applying destination competitiveness indicators to Ethiopia. Journal of Sustainable Development, 6: 71-95.
Yozcu, O. K. (2017). Competitiveness of Istanbul as a tourism destination for luxury market. Journal of Tourismology , 3 (2) , 2-13 .
