Underpinned by the attribution theory, this study examines the moderating effect of meagre information in the relationship between promotions and consumer usage of traditional medicine (TM) in Central Uganda. Traditional medicine is trendy despite efficacious concerns raised by various empirical studies. While extant literature presents several motivations for the newfound TM patronage, more is needed to discuss the role of promotions in this regard. Relatedly, the literature needs to include the contribution of meagre information and how it moderates the relationship between TM promotion and consumer usage. Using Cochran, a sample of 369 TM users was drawn from the cosmopolitan districts of Central Uganda. SPSS 25.0 and Amos 22.0 were used to clean and analyse the data, while Andrew Hayes 3.5 was used to test for moderation. The Johnson-Neyman test showed that increasing meagre information to -2.2503 creates an effect; at this point, TM promotions on consumer usage are moderated. The study concludes that the potential for inconsistencies, inadequacies and incompleteness in information related to traditional medicine is immense. Whilst the Ugandan government is still challenged to provide ideal regulatory frameworks to ensure THPs’ conformity to required safety, quality, and efficacy standards, they should make efforts to license and certify all THPs. Concerned regulatory bodies like the Uganda National Drug Authority and Uganda Communications Commission should regulate TM media communications to prevent the uneducated exaggeration of TM safety issues. They should streamline information disclosure to TM consumers and prohibit unbalanced public advertisements.
traditional medicine usage, promotion, meagre information, moderation
Adegoju, A. (2008). A Rhetorical Analysis of the Discourse of Advertising Herbal Medicine in South-western Nigeria. Journal of Linguistic Online, 33(1), 2-18.
Ameade, E., Zakaria, A., Abubakar, L., & Sandow, R. (2018). Herbal medicine usage before and during pregnancy—a study in Northern Ghana. Int J Complement Alt Med, 11(4), 235-242.
Asemah, E. S., & Edegoh, L. O. (2013). Behind advertising: The language of persuasion. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(4), 951-959.
Baumgartner, H., & Steenkamp, J. B. E. (1996). Exploratory consumer buying behaviour: Conceptualization and measurement. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 121-137.
Beales, J.H. III. (1991). What should state regulators learn from the FTC’s experience in regulating advertising? Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 10(1), 101‐117
Belch, G. E, & Belch, M. A (2009). Advertising and promotion: An integrated marketing communication perspective. Irwin, CA: McGraw-Hill.
Belch, G. E., & Belch, M. A. (2016). Evaluating the effectiveness of integrated marketing communications elements: a research review. Skap Journal, Bratislava (Eslováquia), 4(1), 185-204.
Blackwell, R. D., Miniard, P. W., & Engel, J. F. (2001). Consumer behaviour 9th. South-Western Thomas Learning. Mason, OH.
Bloom, P. N., & Reve, T. (1990). Transmitting signals to consumers for competitive advantage. Business Horizons, (July-August), pp. 58–66.
Burton, G. E. (1991). Medical doctors and consumers view medical advertising. Health Marketing Quarterly, 9(1-2), pp. 81–95.
Chang, H. S., & Kinnucan, H. W. (1991). Advertising, Information, and Product Quality: The Case of Butter. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73(4), 1195–1203.
Chitindingu, E., George, G., & Gow, J. (2014). A review of the integration of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine into the curriculum of South African medical schools. BMC Medical Education, 14(1), 1-5.
Dania, P. O. (2011). Advancement of Tradomedical Education through Effective Teaching of Social Studies in South-South Region of Nigeria. African Research Review, 5(2).
De Coninck, J. (2016). Promoting Herbal Medicine in Uganda: Traditional health practitioners and Government working together. The cross-culture foundation of Uganda. Chapter 8. http://www.ichngoforum.org/promoting-herbal-medicine-uganda/
Doborji, P. K., & Hamed, A. Q. (2016). The Role of Advertisements in Protection of Consumer’s Right of Choice. J. Pol. & L., 9, 65.
Dukes, D. E., Rogers, J. F., & Paine, E. A. (2001). What You Should Know About Direct-To-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs. Defense Counsel Journal, 68(1), 36–49.
Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Chaiken, S. (Apr 1978). Causal inferences about communicators and their effect on opinion change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(4), 424–435.
Ekor, M. (2014). The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. www.frontiersin.org. January 2014 | Volume 4 | Article 177, PP 1–10. doi 10.3389/par.2013.00177
Feucht, C., & Patel, D. R. (2011). Herbal Medicines in Pediatric Neuropsychiatry. Journal of Pediatric Clinics of North America, 58(1), 33–54.
Friedman, M., & Gould, J. (2007). Consumer attitudes and behaviours associated with direct-to-consumer prescription drug marketing. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 24(2), 100–109.
Fornell, C., & Larker, D. F. (1981). “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error,” Journal of Marketing Research 18, 39–50.
Gall, A., K. Anderson, J., Adams, V., Matthews, and G. Garvey. “An exploration of healthcare providers’ experiences and perspectives of Traditional and complementary medicine usage and disclosure by Indigenous cancer patients.” BMC Complementary and alternative medicine 19, no. 1 (2019): 1–9.
García-Nieto, M. T., Gonzálvez-Vallés, J. E., & Viñarás-Abad, M. (2021). Social responsibility and misleading advertising of health products on the radio. the opinion of the professionals. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 6912.
Gaslin, M. T., Rubin, C., & Pribitkin, E. A. (2008). Silver nasal sprays: misleading Internet marketing. Ear, Nose & Throat Journal, 87(4), 217-220.
Gaziano, C., & McGrath, K. (1986). Measuring the concept of credibility, Journalism Quarterly, 63(3), 451–462.
Glaeser, E. L., & Ujhelyi, G. (2010). Regulating misinformation. Journal of Public Economics, 94(3-4), 247-257.
Gotlieb, J. B., & Sarel, D. (1991). Comparative Advertising Effectiveness: The Role of Involvement and Source Credibility. Journal of Advertising, 20(1), 38-45.
Hasan, M. (2019). Social marketing: an Islamic perspective. Journal of Islamic Marketing.
Hasman, A., & Holm, S. (2006). Direct-to-Consumer Advertising: Should There Be a Free Market in Healthcare Information? Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 15, 42–49.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Methodology in the social sciences
Haskell SG, Mattocks K, Goulet JL, Krebs EE, Skanderson M, Leslie D, Justice AC, Yano EM, Brandt C. The burden of illness in the first year home: Do male and female VA users differ in health conditions and healthcare utilization. Women’s Health Issues. 2011 Jan 1;21(1):92-7
Hoffmann, E. (2007). Consumer integration in sustainable product development. Business Strategy and the Environment, 16(5), 322–338.
James, P. B., Bah, A. J., Tommy, M. S., Wardle, J., & Steel, A. (2018). Herbal medicines use during pregnancy in Sierra Leone: an exploratory cross-sectional study: Women and Birth, 31(5), e302-e309.
Kelley, H. H. (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, pp. 15, 192–238. The University of Nebraska Press.
Kigen, G.K., Ronoh, H.K., Kipkore, W.K & Joseph K. Rotich, J.K (2013). Current trends of Traditional Herbal Medicine Practice in Kenya: A review. African Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 32-37, http://www.uonbi.ac.ke/journals/kesobap/
Koh, M. Z. Y., & Goh, Y. N. (2021). Willingness to pay for traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) among Malaysian adults. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 15(2), 312-330.
Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2011). A Framework for Marketing Management. (5th ed.) Prentice Hall
Latif, A., & Abideen, Z. U. (2011). Effects of television advertising on children: A Pakistani perspective. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 30(4), 38.
Lawan, A. L., & Zanna, R. (2013). Evaluation of Socio-Cultural Factors Influencing Consumer Buying Behaviour of Clothes in Borno State, Nigeria. International Journal of Basics and applied sciences, 1(3), 519-529.
Liberati, A., & Magrini, N. (2003). Information from drug companies and opinion leaders: Double Standards in Information for Medical Journals and Practitioners Should Go. British Medical Journal, 326(7400), 1156-1157.
Logiel A, Jørs E, Akugizibwe P, Ahnfeldt-Mollerup P. Prevalence and socio-economic factors affecting the use of traditional medicine among adults of Katikekile Subcounty, Moroto District, Uganda. Afri Health Sci. 2021;21(3). 1410-1417. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v21i3.52
Lotfia, M. S., Adib-Hajbaghery, M., Shahsavarloo, Z. R., Gandomani, H. S. (2016). The prevalence of traditional and complementary medicine in the general population in Kashan, Iran, 2014. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, pp. 8, 661–669.
Mackert, M., Love, B., & Holton, A. E. (2011). Journalism as health education: Media coverage of a nonbranded pharma website. Telemedicine and e-Health, 17(2), 88-94.
Mason, M. J., & Scammon, D. L. (2000). Health claims and disclaimers: extended boundaries and research opportunities in consumer interpretation. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 19, 144–50.
Matole, V., Thorat, Y., Ghurghure, S.,et al. (2021) A Brief Review on Herbal Medicines. Research Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 13, 101-102. https://doi.org/10.52711/0975-4385.2021.00016
Montaner, T., & Pina, J. (2008)” The Effect Of Promotion Type And Benefit Congruency On Brand Image”, The Journal of Applied Business Research.Vol.24,No.3,PP.15-28.
Mothupi, M. C. (2014). Use of herbal medicine during pregnancy among women with access to public healthcare in Nairobi, Kenya: a cross-sectional survey. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 14(1), 1-8.
Mukungu, N., Abuga, K., Okalebo, F., Ingwela, R., Mwangi, J. (2016). Medicinal plants used for management of malaria among the Luhya community of Kakamega East sub-County, Kenya; Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol. 194, pp. 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.050
Nagler, M. G., Kronenberg, F., Kennelly, E. J., Jiang, B. (2011). Pricing for a credence good: an exploratory analysis. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 20(3), 238-249, https://doi.org/10.1108/10610421111134969
Nayyar, P. R (1993). Performance effects of Information Asymmetry and Economies of Scope in Diversified Service Firms. The Academy of Management Journal, 36(1), 28–57.
Ndhlala, A. R., Stafford G. I., & Finnie J. F, (2011). Commercial herbal preparations in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: The urban face of traditional medicine. South African Journal of Botany, 77(4), 830–843.
Nyeko, R., Tumwesigye, N. M & Abdullah Ali Halage, A.A (2016). Prevalence and factors associated with using herbal medicines during pregnancy among women attending postnatal clinics in Gulu district, Northern Uganda. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 16:296 DOI 10.1186/s12884-016-1095-5
Nunnally, J. C, & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill
Nuseir, M. T. (2018). Impact of misleading/false advertisement on consumer behaviour. International Journal of Economics and Business Research, 16(4), 453-465.
Okumu, M. O., Ochola, F. O., Onyango, A. O., Mbaria, J. M., Gakuya, D. W., Kanja, L.W., Kiama, S.G., Onyango, M.A., (2017). The legislative and regulatory framework governing herbal medicine use and practice in Kenya: a review. Pan African Medical Journal; 28:232. doi:10.11604/pamj.2017.28.232.12585. http://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/28/232/full/
Omara, T., Kagoya, S., Openy, A., Omute, T., Ssebulime, S., Kibet Mohamed Kiplagat, K. M., & Bongomin, O, (2020). Antivenin plants used for treating snakebites in Uganda: ethnobotanical reports and pharmacological evidence. Tropical Medicine and Health, 48:6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-019-0187-0
Omoera, O. S., Awosola, K. R., Okhakhu, M. A., & Eregare, E. A. (2011). Seeking Solutions: Of Radio/Television Advertisement and Patients/Non-Patients” Perception of Traditional Medicine in Edo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Research, 6(1).
Owens, C., Baergen, R., & Puckett, D. (2014). Online sources of herbal product information. The American journal of medicine, 127(2), 109-115.
Pilati, L., & Ricci, G. (1995). Consumer behaviour under conditions of incomplete information on quality. Rivista Internazionale di Scienze Sociali, 317-332.
Prendergast, G., Liu, P. Y., & Poon, D. T. (2009). A Hong Kong study of advertising credibility. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 26(5), 320-329.
Raghubir, P (2004). Free Gift with Purchase: Promoting or Discounting the Brand? Journal of Consumer Psychology, 14 (1-2) 181-186
Raghubir, P., & Corfman, K. (1999). When Do Price Promotions Affect Pretrial Brand Evaluations? Journal of Marketing Research, 36(2), 211–222.
Robertson, T. S., & Rossiter, J. R. (1974). Children and commercial persuasion: An attribution theory analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 1(1), 13–20.
Rod, M., & Saunders, S. (2009). The informative and persuasive components of pharmaceutical promotion: An argument for why the two can coexist. International Journal of Advertising, 28(2), 313-349.
Rutebemberwa, E., Lubega M., Katureebe, K.S., Oundo, A., Kiweewa, F & Mukanga, M. (2013). Use of traditional medicine for treating diabetes in Eastern Uganda: a qualitative exploration of reasons for choice. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 13(1) Downloaded from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-698X/13/1
Santas, F., Santas, G., & Ugurluoglu, O. (2020). Advertising bans in the health sector: A case study. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 13(sup1), 17-23.
Sawyer, A. G., & Dickson, P. R. (1984). Psychological perspectives on consumer response to sales promotion. Research on sales promotion: Collected papers, p. 2.
Settle, R. B., & Golden, L. (1974). Attribution Theory and Advertiser Credibility. Journal of Marketing Research, 11(2),181–185.
Smith, R. E., & Hunt, S. D. (1978). Attributional Processes and Effects in Promotional Situations. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 5(3) pp. 149-153+155-158.
Ssempijja, F., Keneth Iceland Kasozi, K. I., Eze, E. D.,Tamale, A., Ewuzie, S. A., Matama, K., Ekou, J., Bogere, P., Mujinya, R., Musoke, G.H., Atusiimirwe, J.K., Zirintunda, G., Kalange, M., Lyada, J., Kiconco, R., Pius, T., Nandala, C., Kamugisha, R.M., Hamira, Y., Fernandez, E.M., & Musinguzi S.P (2020). Consumption of Raw Herbal Medicines Is Associated with Major Public Health Risks among Ugandans. Hindawi. Journal of Environmental and Public Health. Volume 2020, Article ID 8516105, 10 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8516105
Sofowora, A (1993). Recent trends in research into African medicinal plants, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 38(2-3), 197-208
Tibugwisa, D (2019). A call for regulation of the herbal medicines industry in Uganda. https://www.tadvocates.com/blog-single.php?id=12#
Ting-Tan, J. P., & Freathy, P. (2011). Consumer decision making and store patronage behaviour in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) halls in Singapore. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, (18), pp. 285–292.
Tugume, P., Kakudidi, E. K., Buyinza, M., Namaalwa, J., Kamatenesi, M., Mucunguzi, P., & Kalema, J. (2016). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plant species used by communities around Mabira Central Forest Reserve, Uganda. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 12(1), 5.
Wang, J-Y., Probst, J. C., Stoskopf, C. H., Sanders, J. M., & McTigue, J. F. (2011). Information asymmetry and performance tilting in hospitals: a national empirical study. Journal of health economics, 20(12), 1487-1506.
Well, J. D., Valacich, J. S., & Hess, T. J. (2011). What signal are you sending? How website quality influences perceptions of product quality and purchase intention. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 35(2), 373-396.
Welz, A. N., Emberger-Klein, A., & Menrad, K. (2018). Why people use herbal medicine: insights from a focus-group study in Germany. BMC Complementary and alternative medicine, 18(1), 1-9.
WHO (2013) WHO traditional medicine Strategy 2014-2023. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.
WHO (2019) Global report on traditional and complementary medicine, 2019; ISBN 978-92-4-151543-6. Geneva: World Health Organization. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/312342
WHO (2023) Traditional medicine has a long history of contributing to conventional medicine and continues to hold promise. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/traditional-medicine-has-a-long-history-of-contributing-to-conventional-medicine-and-continues-to-hold-promise
Woloshin, S., Schwartz L.M., Moncur, M., Gabriel, S., & Tosteson, A. (2001). Assessing values for health: Numeracy matters. Medical Decision Making, 21(5), 382–390
Zaltman, G. (2003). How customers think: Essential insights into the mind of the market. Harvard Business Press.
Sarah Nabachwa. Corresponding author. Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda. Email: snabachwa@must.ac.ug. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-9155
Nixon Kamukama. Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Uganda. Email: nkamukama@must.ac.ug
Cite this article:
Nabachwa, S. & Kamukama, N. (2023). Moderation effects of meagre information between promotions and usage of traditional medicine. International Journal of Academe and Industry Research, 4 (4), 72-97. https://doi.org/10.53378/353023
License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) International License.