The study explored the obstacles faced by women's civic organizations operating within indigenous communities. By focusing on the revitalization of the Bontoc Women's Brigade (BWB), the study aims to ignite a wave of positive transformation, motivating other grassroots organizations and community members to participate actively in endeavors aimed at improving safety, fostering well-being, and advancing sustainable development. The study aims to highlight critical needs requiring attention for revitalizing these organizations, akin to their initial establishment. By addressing these challenges and providing strategic initiatives, the research endeavors to contribute to the sustainable revival of women's civic organizations within indigenous communities. The study used a dual approach, utilizing focus group discussions and in-depth interviews, to gather data from participants with age ranging from 50 to 70 years old, who were members of the BWB in the Mountain Province, Philippines. This study used a descriptive qualitative research method, employing interview guides to facilitate data collection. The findings revealed that the organization faced challenges leading to its decline, notably the aging and passing away of members. Additionally, the younger generation exhibited limited interest due to the perceived lack of tangible benefits. Furthermore, gender-specific challenges and cultural norms significantly influence the activities of the BWB. These factors encompass traditional gender roles, stereotypes, issues related to women's empowerment, and safety concerns. The interplay of these elements introduces complexity to the organization's dynamics, emphasizing the need for a nuanced understanding of these challenges in order to effectively navigate and address them.
women’s civic organization, indigenous communities, organizations dynamics, demographic challenges, women leadership
Acevedo-Duque, Á., Gonzalez-Diaz, R., Vargas, E.C., Paz-Marcano, A., Muller-Pérez, S., Salazar-Sepúlveda, G., Caruso, G. & D’Adamo, I. (2021). Resilience, leadership and female entrepreneurship within the context of SMEs: Evidence from Latin America. Sustainability, 13(15), 8129. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158129
Agarwal, S., Lenka, U., Singh, K., Agrawal, V., & Agrawal, A. (2020). A qualitative approach towards crucial factors for sustainable development of women social entrepreneurship: Indian cases. Journal of Cleaner Production, 274, 123135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123135
Akinwotu, E. (2020 May 2). We needed to do more: Volunteers step up in lockdown Lagos. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/may/02/we-needed-to-do-more-volunteers-step-up-in-lockdown-lagos
Alqahtani, T. H. (2019, December 26). Barriers to women’s leadership. Granite Journal, 3(2), 34-41).
Alqahtani, T. H. (2020). The status of women in leadership. Archives of Business Research, 8(3), 294–299. https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.83.8004
Alvarez S. A. & Barney J. B. (2002). Resource-based theory and entrepreneurial firm. In Hitt M. A., Ireland R. D., Camp S. M., Sexton D. L. (Eds.), Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating a new mindset (89-104). Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Ashikali, T., Groeneveld, S., & Kuipers, B. (2021). The role of inclusive leadership in supporting an inclusive climate in diverse public sector teams. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 41(3), 497-519. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X19899722
Ayalon, L., Zisberg, A., Cohn-Schwartz, E., Cohen-Mansfield, J., Perel-Levin, S., & Bar Asher, S. E. (2020). Long term care settings in the times of the COVID-19: Challenges and future directions. International Psychogeriatrics, 32, 1239–1243. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610220001416
Baker T. & Nelson R. E. (2005). Creating something from nothing: Resource contribution through entrepreneurial bricolage. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50: 329-366.
Barney, J.B. (2001). Resource-based theories of competitive advantage: A ten-year retrospective on the resource-based view. Journal of Management, 27, 643-650.
Bombaerts, G. & Spahn, A. (2021). Simplify! Using self-determination theory to prioritise the redesign of an ethics and history of technology course. European Journal of Engineering Education, 46(2), 210–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2019.170292
Barrachina, M., Maria, & Patier, C. (2021). Women sustainable entrepreneurship: Review and research agenda. Sustainability, 13(21), 12047. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112047
Benschop, Y. (2021). Grand challenges, feminist answers. Organization Theory, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/26317877211020323
Bourke, J. & Titus, A. (2019 March 29). Why inclusive leaders are good for organizations, and how to become one. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2019/03/why-inclusive-leaders-are-good-for-organizations-and-how-to-become-one
Broden, T. F. (2006). Postmodernism. Elsevier EBooks, 785–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/01440-1
Carli, L. & Eagly, H. (2016). Women face a labyrinth: an examination of metaphors for women leaders. Gender in Management, 31(8), 514-527. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-02-2015-0007
Cennamo, L. & Gardner, D. (2008). Generational differences in work values, outcomes and person‐organisation values fit. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(8), 891-906. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810904385
Chiarelli, T. & Batistoni S. (2021). An analysis of socioemotional selectivity theory in the context of older adults’ use of Facebook. Educational Gerontology, 47(1), 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2020.1849956
Chonchonen, C. & Viteno, W. (2012). Bontoc Women‟s Brigade-2001-2011. Mountain Province Police Provincial Office.
Danowitz, A. (2016). Leveraging the final project to improve student motivation in introductory digital design courses. IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 1–5.
Defriend, C, & Cook, C.M. (2023). Reawakening of Indigenous matriarchal systems: A feminist approach to organizational leadership. Healthcare Management Forum. Ahead of print. https://doi.org/10.1177/08404704231210255
Diana, V. & Caguioa, M. (2012). Our Story: 25 years of empowering women in the Cordillera Region. Change 25 years of empowering indigenous women in the Cordillera, (Special issue),4.
Duong, H. (2017). Fourth Generation NGOs: Communication strategies in social campaigning and resource mobilization. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 29(2), 119-147. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495142.2017.1293583
Edeigba, J. & Singh, D. (2022). Nonfinancial resource management: A qualitative study of retention and engagement in not-for-profit community fund management organization. Asia Pacific Management Review, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2021.05.005
Empian, F. (2016). Bontoc women’s brigade. Baguio Midland Courier, 69.
Forester, S., Kelly-Thompson, K., Lusvardi, A., & Weldon, S., (2022). New dimensions of global feminist influence: Tracking feminist mobilization worldwide, 1975–2015. International Studies Quarterly, 66(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqab093
Fraade-Blanar L. A., Sears J. M., Chan K. C., Thompson H. J., Crane P. K., & Ebel B. E. (2017). Relating older workers’ injuries to the mismatch between physical ability and job demands. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 59, 212-221.
Furst, S. A., & Reeves, M. (2008). Queens of the hill: Creative destruction and the emergence of executive leadership of women. Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 372–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.001
Galanaki, E., Parry, E., Bučiūnienė, I., & Panayotopoulou, L. (2018). Demographic challenges for management: Fad or reality? Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3351402
Govinda, R. (2006). The politics of the marginalised: Dalits and women’s activism in India. Gender and Development, 14(2), 181–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552070600747081
Grønbjerg, K. A., Martell, L., & Paarlberg, L. (2000). Philanthropic funding of human services: Solving ambiguity through the two-stage competitive process. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 29(1), 9-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764000291S002
Gupta A., Briscoe F., & Hambrick D. C. (2018). Evenhandedness in resource allocation: Its relationship with CEO ideology, organizational discretion, and firm performance. Academy of Management Journal, 61, 1848-1868.
Hill, B. (2023). Time use and subjective well-being of multiple jobholders: Evidence from the American time use survey. Labor Studies Journal, 48(4), 305-323. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160449X231174938
Infante, T.R. (1975). The woman in early Philippines and among the cultural minorities. Manila, Philippines: Unitas Publications, University of Santo Tomas
Kadykalo, AN., Beaudoin, C., Hackenburg, DM., Young, N., & Cooke, SJ., (2022). Social–ecological systems approaches are essential for understanding and responding to the complex impacts of COVID-19 on people and the environment. PLOS Sustain Transform, 1(4), e0000006. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pstr.0000006
Killip Jr., A. G. (2021). Traces of Ato as a judicial institution in the Lupon of Talubin, Bontoc, Mt. Province. International Journal of Management, Entrepreneurship, Social Science and Humanities, 4(1), 76–95. https://doi.org/10.31098/ijmesh.v4i1.582
Li, T., & Tang, N. (2022). Inclusive leadership and innovative performance: A multi-level mediation model of psychological safety. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 934831. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.934831
Lloyd‐Walker, B., Derek H. & Walker, T. (2011). Authentic leadership for 21st century project delivery. International Journal of Project Management, 29(4), 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2011.02.004
Minthorn, R.S.Z. & Shotton, H.J. (2019). Indigenous women’s approaches to educational leadership: Creating space for Indigenous women in education. International Journal of Human Rights Education, 3(1). https://repository.usfca.edu/ijhre/vol3/iss1/6
Mohammad, M.R.A. & Hossein, Y.M. (2006). A study of relationship between managers’ leadership style and employees’ job satisfaction. Leadership in Health Services, 19(2), 11-28. https://doi.org/10.1108/13660750610665008
Newcomer, E., Hall, L., Pandey, K., Reginal, T., & White, P. (2023). From noise to knowledge: Improving evidentiary standards for program efficacy to better inform public policy and management decisions. Public Administration Review, 83(5), 1051–1071. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13688
Olivié, I. & Gracia, M. (2020). Is this the end of globalization (as we know it)? Globalizations, 17(6), 990-1007.
Omisore, B., & Abiodun, A. (2014). Organizational conflicts: Causes, effects and remedies. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 3(6), 115–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJAREMS/v3-i6/1351
Palangchao, H. (2009). Bontoc’s most feared women get help from the police general. Baguio Midland Courier. http://www.baguiomidlandcourier.com.ph/archiveview.asp?mode=%20archives/2009/april/4-26-2009/mtp1.txt.
Pabotoy, A. (2021). “WePeace” and Women Peacekeeping in the Philippines. The Journal of Social Encounters, 5(2), 66-76. https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/social_encounters/vol5/iss2/7
Raina, V., Tadem, E., Navallo, K., Aseniero, G., Sit, T., Wong, T., Ramas, R., Matherne, N., Mushakoji, K., Momen, M., Chaves, T., & Socrates, C. (2013). The Role of diaspora communities in the growth of civil societies. Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia, 49, 2013.
Rahman, M. H. (2013). Employees’ motivation in public and private commercial banks in Bangladesh: A study on need-based approach. Global Disclosure of Economics and Business, 2(2), 151-158. https://doi.org/10.18034/gdeb.v2i2.183
Ravaghi, H., Guisset, AL., Elfeky, S. Naima, N., Sedigheh, K., Elham, A. & Zhaleh, A. (2023). A scoping review of community health needs and assets assessment: concepts, rationale, tools and uses. BMC Health Serv Res, 23, 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08983-3
Reese, L., Jacobs, J. & Grebey, T. (2023). Factors contributing to the satisfaction of animal shelter volunteers: The importance of voice. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 26(2), 132-146.
Sadaka, S., Stoner G. & Nehme, R. (2023). Habitus and harmony: between the global and the
local. Accounting Forum, Ahead of print, 1-28.
Scheibe, S., Walter, F., & Zhan, Y. (2021). Age and emotions in organizations: Main, moderating, and context-specific effects. Work, Aging and Retirement, 7(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/waaa030
Schmidt-Sane, M., Hrynick, T. & Ripoll, S. (2023). Social science priorities and response to COVID-19. In: Liamputtong, P. (eds) Handbook of Social Sciences and Global Public Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25110-8_80
Tomlinson, J. (2017). Globalization and culture. The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology, 1–8.
Ullah, S., Arif, M. Hussain, S & Al-Faryan, M. (2024). Climate change, governance, and economic growth in Asia: a panel cointegration analysis. Cogent Economics & Finance, 12(1), https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2023.2299125
Vuolajärvi N. (2023). The discipline of hope: abolishing the prison of immobility in post-Deportation narratives. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 49(19), 4907-4927.
Yoo, S. Ko, Y., Hur, Y., Bang, H. & Kim, T. (2023). Exploring volunteer engagement in a mega sport events: the role of functional attitudes. European Sport Management Quarterly, 23(5), 1610-1629.
Alexander Jr. G. Killip. Corresponding author. Assistant Professor, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts, University of Baguio. Email: killipalexander1001@gmail.com
Jezreel C. Bengao. University researcher, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts, University of Baguio
Robbie Joe T. Catahan. University researcher, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts, University of Baguio
Pepcee A. Foken. University researcher, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts, University of Baguio
Aljun W. Appay. University researcher, School of Teacher Education and Liberal Arts, University of Baguio
Cite this article:
Killip, A.G., Bengao, J.C., Catahan, R.J.T., Foken, P.A. & Appay, A.W. (2024). The struggle of women’s civic organization in the Indigenous community: A case study of Bontoc Women’s Brigade. International Review of Social Sciences Research, 4(1), 24-46. https://doi.org/10.53378/353046
License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) International License.
