Cognitive vulnerabilities are beliefs or attitudes thought to make a person vulnerable to emotional disorders whereas depression is a negative affective state, ranging from unhappiness and discontent to an extreme feeling of sadness, pessimism, and despondency that interferes with daily life. A child belonging to a broken family has constant internal conflict. The exploration uncovered that separation of parents has unfortunate results on youngsters like discouragement, stress, depression, crabbiness, and absence of consideration. This study determined the cognitive vulnerabilities and depression of children with single parents through descriptive-correlational design. The data were gathered from 150 children with single parents through purposive sampling technique. The research instrument used to measure the level of cognitive vulnerabilities were attitude toward self, life orientation and hopelessness whereas Beck Depression Inventory was used to measure the level of depression. Based on the findings, children of single parents have high level of attitude toward self, high level of life orientation and moderate level of hopelessness. However, many of them have severe level of depression. It was further disclosed that age and occupation are significantly related to depression. Moreover, it revealed that attitude toward self and life orientation are not significantly related to depression while hopelessness is significantly related. The results proved that children of single parents suffer from emotional trauma. Thus, strong support system is necessary for them to adjust emotionally.
cognitive vulnerabilities, depression, children with single parents
Abramson, L. Y., Hogan, M.E., Alloy, L., Whitehouse, W.G. (2007). Suicide Science, pp.17-32, DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47233-3_3
Abubakar, HS , Tambawal, MU. (2019), Psychological and Sociological Disposition of Single Parenthood of Children Born Out of Wedlock: Counselling Implications. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME) e-ISSN: 2320–1959.p- ISSN: 2320–1940 Volume 9, Issue 5 Ser. II. (Sep. – Oct .2019), pp 32-37.
Adegboyega, L. (2019). Single Parenting and Emotional Development of Primary School Students as Viewed by Nigerian Primary School Teachers. Mimbar Sekolah Dasar, 6(1), 116-125. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/mimbar-sd.v6i1.15222.
Ali, S. K. and Soomar, S. M. (2019). Single Parenting: Understanding Reasons and Consequences. JOJ Nursing and Health Care, Volume 10 Issue 2 – January 2019 DOI: 10.19080/JOJNHC.2019.10.555781
Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L., Stange, J., Salk, R., (2016). Cognitive vulnerability and unipolar depression. The Oxford Handbook of Mood Disorders, DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199973965.013.13
Amato PR, Keith B. Parental divorce and the well being of children: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. 1991;110:26–46.
Avison WR. Family structure and mental health. Ch. 12. London, Ontario, Canada: The University of Western Ontario; 2002.
Balsamo, M., Imperatori, C., Sergi, M. R., Murri, M. B., Continisio, M., Tamburello, A., Innamorati, A. and Saggino, A. (2013). Cognitive vulnerabilities and depression in young adults: An ROC curves analysis. Depression Research and Treatment, 2013, 8 pages, https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/407602
Becker, D. (2020). Depression Symptoms by Age Group. Retrieved from https://www.sutterhealth.org/
Behere, A. P., Basnet, P., & Campbell, P. (2017). Effects of Family Structure on Mental Health of Children: A Preliminary Study. Indian journal of psychological medicine, 39(4), 457–463. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.211767
Daryanani, I., Hamilton, J. L., McArthur, B. A. et al., (2016). Cognitive Vulnerabilities to Depression for Adolescents in Single-Mother and Two-Parent Families. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, volume 46, pages213–227 (2017).
Davis, B. (2021, May 15). Why are Wages so Low in Philippines? https://www.mvorganizing.org/why-are-wages-so-low-in-philippines/Flynn, M. & Rudolph,
K.D. (2011). Depression and Depressive Disorders, Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Academic Press. Pages 127-135. ISBN 9780123739513. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-373951-3.00108-3.
Hamilton, J. L., Stange, J. P., Shapero, B. G., et al., (2013). Cognitive Vulnerabilities as Predictors of Stress Generation in Early Adolescence: Pathway to Depressive Symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, volume 41, pages1027–1039(2013).
Hankin, B. L. (2008). Stability of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression: A short-term prospective multiwave study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(2), 324–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.324
Herwig, J. E., Wirtz, M., & Bengel, J. (2004). Depression, partnership, social support, and parenting: Interaction of maternal factors with behavioral problems of the child. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80, 199–208.
Hilton JM, Devall EL. Comparison of parenting and children’s behavior in single-mother, single-father, and intact families. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage. 1998;29:23–54.
Hong, R. Y., & Cheung, M. W.-L. (2015). The structure of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression and anxiety: Evidence for a common core etiologic process based on a meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychological Science, 3(6), 892–912. 10.1177/2167702614553789
Hoyle, B. (2019). Depression increasing among American teens, young adults Time spent on social media is seen as partly to blame. Retrieved from https://www.mdedge.com/
Kendig SM, Bianchi SM. Single, cohabitating, and married mother’s time with children. Journal of Marriage and Family. 2008; 70:1128–1240.
Morganett, S. R. (2005). Yaşam becerileri ergenler için grupla psikolojik danişma uygulamalari [Life skills group psychological counseling practices for adolescents]. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayincilik. [in Turkish]
Oliver WJ, Kuhns LR, Pomeranz ES. Family structure and child abuse. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2006;45:111–8.
Park, H., Hwangbo, Y., Lee, Y., Jang, E., and Han, W. (2016). Employment and occupation effects on late-life depressive symptoms among older Koreans: a cross-sectional population survey. Ann Occup Environ Med v.28; 2016. doi: 10.1186/s40557-016-0107-2
Riskind, J. H., & Alloy, L. B. (2006). Cognitive Vulnerability to Emotional Disorders: Theory and Research Design/Methodology. In L. B. Alloy & J. H. Riskind (Eds.), Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders (p. 1–29). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Riskind J.H., Black D. (2005). Cognitive Vulnerability. In: Freeman A., Felgoise S.H., Nezu C.M., Nezu A.M., Reinecke M.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Springer, Boston, MA
Schleider JL, Chorpita BF, Weisz JR. Relation between parent psychiatric symptoms and youth problems: Moderation through family structure and youth gender. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2014;42:195–204.
Şentürk, Ü. (2012). Parçalanmış Aile Çocuklarının Eğitimdeki Başarı/Başarısizlık Durumu (Malatya Örneği 2006) [Educational Success/Failure Status of Fragmented Family Children (Malatya Case 2006)]. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi – Journal of Social Policy Studies, 12(7), 105–126.
Southam-Gerow, M.A., McLeod, B.D. B.D., Brown, R.C., Quinoy, A.M., & Avny, S.B. (2011). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents, Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Academic Press. Pages 100-108, ISBN 9780123739513. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-373951-3.00106-X.
Uluğ, M., & Candan, G. (2008, March). Parçalanmış (Boşanmış) Aile Sorununun Öğrenciye Etkisi [The Student Effect of the Broken (Divorced) Family Problem]. Eğitim Psikolojisi Sempozyumu – Educational Psychology Symposium, İstanbul. [in Turkish]
Uluğtekin, S. (1991). Hükümlü çocuk ve yeniden toplumsallaşma [Convicted child and resocialization]. Ankara. [in Turkish]
Usakli H. (2018). Behavioral Tendencies of Single Parent Students. Social Sciences. Education & Educational Research. Vol. 1, No. 1-2, 2018.
Cite this article:
License:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.