Mathematics departmental heads’ pedagogical competencies in managing the quality of continuous assessment activities
Peter Sekgwari Lekalakala, Simeone Maile, Asaph Ntu Nkomo & Ernest Khalabai Mashaba
Abstract
This study investigated the pedagogical management challenges influencing the implementation of quality mathematics continuous assessment (CASS) tasks in the General Education and Training (GET) band in Tshwane North District. The purpose was to explore mathematics teachers’ perceptions of the difficulties departmental heads (DHs) face in managing CASS effectively. A quantitative approach with a descriptive design was used, and data were collected from 24 mathematics teachers across five secondary schools in the district. The data were analysed descriptively and presented in tables. Findings indicate that the quality of mathematics CASS tasks is strongly linked to the skills, competencies, and managerial capacity of mathematics DHs. Their ability to identify, prevent, and address pedagogical challenges plays a decisive role in ensuring that assessment tasks are valid, reliable, and credible. Effective management requires DHs not only to respond to emerging issues but also to proactively anticipate potential challenges and leverage opportunities to strengthen assessment practices. The study also revealed that reflective practice is critical. DHs must learn from mistakes and previous experiences to avoid repeating errors that could undermine the integrity of CASS tasks. Building this capacity will help sustain assessment quality and align implementation with the goals and objectives of the GET band. Overall, the study highlights the importance of strengthening DHs’ managerial competencies to improve CASS practices. The findings provide insights that can inform strategies to enhance pedagogical management, thereby promoting consistency, fairness, and quality in mathematics assessment across secondary schools in Tshwane North District.
Keywords
departmental heads, pedagogical competencies, continuous assessment activities, GET band
Author information & Contribution
Peter Sekgwari Lekalakala. Student, Department of Educational Foundation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
Simeone Maile. Professor, Department of Educational Foundation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
Asaph Ntu Nkomo. Corresponding author. Lecturer, Department of Educational Foundation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa. Email: nkomoan@tut.ac.za
Ernest Khalabai Mashaba. Lecturer, Department of Educational Foundation, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
"All authors equally contributed to the conception, design, preparation, data gathering and analysis, and writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript."
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Funding
This work was not supported by any funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement
This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines set by Tshwane University of Science and Technology. The conduct of this study has been approved and given relative clearance(s) by the Tshwane University of Science and Technology.
Data and Materials Availability
The data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
AI Declaration
AI tools were not used in writing this paper.
Notes
Acknowledgement
References
Babbie, R. (2018). The practice of social research (14th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Baloyi, D. G. (2023). The role of departmental heads in improving learners’ achievement in mathematics in Limpopo primary schools (Doctoral dissertation). [Institution not specified].
Baloyi, D., & Khumalo, S. S. (2024). Experiences of mathematics school departmental heads: Pertinent challenges and lessons learned. Holistica Journal of Business and Public Administration, 15(1), 33–46. https://doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2024-0003
Bourdieu, P. (1993). The field of cultural production: Essays on art and literature. Columbia University Press.
Chipfiko, J., & Maphosa, C. (2020). Interrogating complementarity in the implementation of school-based assessment in South African schools. International Journal of Research and Review, 7(8), 413–424.
Chirinda, B., Ndlovu, M., & Spangenberg, E. (2021). Teaching mathematics during the COVID-19 lockdown in a context of historical disadvantage. Education Sciences, 11(4), 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11040177
Chiziwa, W. (2022). Continuous assessment in Malawian primary schools: An effective policy on paper. International e-Journal of Educational Studies, 6(12), 105–109. https://doi.org/10.31458/iejes.1120483
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
da Silva, D. S., Bento, R. F., Guimarães, G. L., Linhares, J. R., Freire, S. D., & da Cruz, R. R. (2024). Formative assessment: Strategies to promote continuous learning. ARACÊ: Direitos Humanos em Revista, 11(2), 1–15.
Dagnachew, Y., & Sewagegn, T. (2020). Practice and challenges of continuous assessment implementation in Injibara College of Teachers’ Education: Focus on regular mathematics students. Practice and Theory in Systems of Education, 15(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.7176/RHSS/10-17-06
Darling-Hammond, L., Hyler, M. E., & Gardner, M. (2017). Effective teacher professional development. Learning Policy Institute.
Department of Basic Education (DBE). (2011). Action plan to 2014 towards the realization of schooling 2025. https://planipolis.iiep.unesco.org/sites/default/files/ressources/southafrica_action_plan2025.pdf
Department of Basic Education. (2016). Personnel administrative measures (Government Gazette No. 39684). Government Printers.
Department of Education. (2008). Guidelines to ensure quality education and support in special schools and special school resource centres. Government Printer.
Dhakal, R. C. (2020). Current situation and issues of continuous assessment system in mathematics education of Nepal. NUE Journal of International Educational Cooperation, 13, 31–38.
Djamalovna, D. M. (2024). Methods and tools for assessing student competencies. Current Research Journal of Philological Sciences, 5(10), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-05-10-04
Du Plooy-Cilliers, F., Davis, C., & Bezuidenhout, R. (2014). Research matters. Juta.
Garcia, O. F., & Serra, E. (2019). Raising children with poor school performance: Parenting styles and short- and long-term consequences for adolescent and adult development. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(7), 1089. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071089
Gidado, B. K. (2021). Sex differences in continuous assessment and examination scores among history students in the University of Abuja. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts, 9(2), 265–272.
Graham, B. D. (2023). The role of departmental heads in improving learners’ achievement in mathematics in Limpopo primary schools (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Africa).
Harris, A., Jones, M., Ismail, N., & Nguyen, D. (2019). Middle leaders and middle leadership in schools: Exploring the knowledge base (2003–2017). School Leadership & Management, 39(3–4), 255–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632434.2019.1578738
Iddrisu, S. A., Iddrisu, R. O., & Mahama, J. K. (2025). Barriers to effective school-based assessments implementation by primary school teachers in Savelugu Municipality, Ghana. African Journal of Empirical Research, 6(2), 666–673. https://doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.6.2.56
Ignacio, L. B., Cristobal, A. G. A., & David, P. C. (2022). Impact of policy implementation on education quality: A case study on Philippines’ low ranking in international and local assessment programs. Asian Journal on Perspectives in Education, 3, 41–54.
James, D., & Simister, N. (2020). Quantitative analysis. INTRAC. https://www.intrac.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Quantitative-analysis.pdf
Jojo, Z. (2019). Mathematics education system in South Africa. In G. Porto (Ed.), Education systems around the world. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85325
Luneta, K. (2022). Special challenges in mathematics education in Sub-Sahara Africa. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 48, 101211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2022.101211
Makuvire, C., Mufanechiya, A., & Dube, B. (2023). Unpacking continuous assessment: Teacher knowledge and attitudes in Zimbabwe rural secondary schools. Research in Educational Policy and Management, 5(2), 207–225. https://doi.org/10.46303/repam.2023.17
Malik, M. A. A., Madzuki, N. I., Hizam, N. S. S., Kamal, N. H. S., Yusof, N. S. H. C., Suhaimin, M. F., & Zulkifli, S. N. (2021). Teachers’ readiness and practices in school-based assessment implementation: Primary education in Malaysia. International Journal of Advanced Research in Future Ready Learning and Education, 23(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.37934/frle.23.1.19
Mampane, S. T. (2017). Current business and economics driven discourse and education: Perspectives from around the world. BCES Conference Books, 15. Bulgarian Comparative Education Society.
Maphosa, C., Mthethwa-Kunene, E.K., Rugube, T. & Dlamini, P.S. (2024). Exploring students’ experiences with authentic assessment in an online learning context. International Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies, 5(3), 145-171. https://doi.org/10.53378/ijemds.353092
Mbane, P. M., & Machaba, F. (2021). Roles of school management teams in curriculum delivery and assessment in primary schools. In Investigating the roles of school management teams in curriculum delivery (pp. 33–51). IGI Global.
Mkisi, G. E., & Maro, C. (2024). Continuous assessment feedback giving approaches in the context of competence-based education training: A case study of the National Institute of Transport in Tanzania. Papers in Education and Development, 42, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.56279/ped.v42.suppl.i.9
Motala, E., & Pampallis, J. (2020). The state, education and equity in post-apartheid South Africa: The Nkambule & others. Routledge.
Namkung, J. M., Peng, P., & Lin, X. (2019). The relation between mathematics anxiety and mathematics performance among school-aged students: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 89(3), 459–496. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654319843494
Ngoepe, M. M. (2021). Exploring heads of departments’ management of the mathematics curriculum during COVID-19. In Investigating the roles of school management teams in curriculum delivery (pp. 232–245). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7168-2.ch015
Ogina, T. A. (2017). How heads of departments understand their roles as instructional leaders: A South African study. International Journal of Educational Sciences, 18(1), 224–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/09751122.2017.1352573
Saliu-Abdullahi, I. (2019). The need for an effective legal and regulatory framework for Waqf in Nigeria. In Waqf laws and management (pp. 244–270). [Publisher not specified].
Schutte, F. (2024). A scoping review of challenges and opportunities of assessments in higher education. International Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies, 5 (1), 123-147. https://doi.org/10.53378/353049
Seobi, B. A., & Wood, L. (2016). Improving the instructional leadership of heads of department in under-resourced schools: A collaborative action-learning approach. South African Journal of Education, 36(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v36n4a1326
Shah, R. K., Bohara, P. K., Raut, R., & Katuwal, K. B. (2025). Rethinking classroom assessment: Rural Nepalese teachers’ experiences with formative practices. Digital Social Sciences.
Shepherd, D. L., & van der Berg, S. (2020). Analysing matric data to identify “promising” schools in mathematics performance. Department of Economics, University of Stellenbosch.
Sievertsen, H. H. (2022). Assessments in education. arXiv Preprint. https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.05826
Tapala, T. T., Fuller, M., & Mentz, K. (2021). Perceptions of departmental heads on their curriculum leadership roles: Voices from South Africa. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 21(4), 816–829. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700763.2020.1854790
Tapala, T. T., Van Niekerk, M. P., & Mentz, K. (2020). Curriculum leadership barriers experienced by heads of department: A look at South African secondary schools. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 24(6), 771–788. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2020.1740796
Taylor, N. (2021). The dream of Sisyphus: Mathematics education in South Africa. South African Journal of Childhood Education, 11(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v11i1.911
Theron, H. (2025). Global trends in contributing factors to mathematics performance in secondary schools: Lessons for South Africa 2015–2024. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 24(1), 278–297. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.24.1.14
Tibane, C. C., Mafa-Theledi, O. M., Masebe, T. P., & Peter, M. (2024). Challenges experienced by mathematics teachers in the implementation of grade 12 mathematics curriculum in community learning centres: South African perspective. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 23(7), 141–166. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.23.7.8
Tibane, C. C., Mafa-Theledi, O. N., Masebe, T. P., & Mathye, P. (2024). Examining the effect of resource constraints on teaching and learning of grade 12 mathematics in Gauteng community learning centres. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 23(10), 453–474. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.23.10.22
Tu, M. M., Nazarudin, M. N., Noordin, Z., Tawan, A., & Watinin, N. (2020). Investigating the relationship between teacher attitude, readiness, integrity, and school-based assessment. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 5(35), 306–320. https://doi.org/10.35631/IJEPC.5350026
Umalusi (Council for Quality Assurance in General and Further Education and Training). (2010). Evaluating the South African National Senior Certificate in relation to selected international qualifications: A self-referencing exercise to determine the standing of the NSC. Umalusi.
Uvie, O. M. (2021). Teachers’ competency towards the implementation of school-based assessment in secondary schools in Edo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Education, Learning and Development, 9(2), 51–59.
Vahed, A., Walters, M. M., & Ross, A. H. A. (2023). Continuous assessment fit for purpose? Analysing the experiences of academics from a South African university of technology. Education Inquiry, 14(2), 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/20004508.2021.1994687
Van Staden, S., & Motsamai, P. (2017). Difference in the quality of school-based assessment: Evidence in grade 9 mathematics achievement. Pythagoras, 38(1), a367. https://doi.org/10.4102/pythagoras.v38i1.367
Walde, G. S. (2016). Assessment of the implementation of continuous assessment: The case of Mettu University. European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 4(4), 534–544. https://doi.org/10.30935/scimath/9492
Wallace, M. T., Gloria, M. L., & Munetsi, H. W. (2022). Continuous assessment learning activity: An overdue progressive assessment approach compromisingly implemented. International Journal of All Research Writings, 4, 57–68.
Wondim, M. G., & Dessie, B. A. (2024). Continuous assessment: The missing link in Ethiopian universities. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2404778. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2024.2404778
Yusoff, S. M., Marzaini, A. F. M., Zakaria, N., & Lijie, H. (2025). Exploring the implementation of classroom-based assessment in Malaysian secondary schools: Alignment with policy and teacher practices. MOJEM: Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management, 13(1), 81–101. https://doi.org/10.22452/mojem.vol13no1.5
Cite this article:
Lekalakala, P.S., Maile, S., Nkomo, A.N. & Mashaba, E.K. (2025). Mathematics departmental heads’ pedagogical competencies in managing the quality of continuous assessment activities. International Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies, 6(3), 326-347. https://doi.org/10.53378/ijemds.353266
License:
![]()
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) International License.
Related articles:
Most read articles
- Social media usage and the academic performance of Filipino junior high school students
- A narrative exploration of romantic experiences and ideal relationship standards among Filipino Gen Z
- Exploring the factors influencing commuters’ satisfaction and the use of public utility buses in Quezon City, Philippines
- Students’ exposure to social media and their radical involvement on the societal issues in the Philippines
- ChatGPT integration significantly boosts personalized learning outcomes: A Philippine study
- Tiktok made me book it: The impact of Tiktok on tourism destination selection of generation Z and millennials in Manila
- Senior high school students’ awareness and literacy on computer software applications
- Self-perception of ABM students towards their academic, social and emotional college preparedness
- Enhancing financial literacy among Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program beneficiaries
- Emotional intelligence and leadership efficacy of university student leaders





